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2	Ballast Water Releases
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4	What’s in that Water? Ballast water taken on in Japan and released in Port of Coos Bay, Oregon, contained 367 taxa (an entire coastal planktonic assemblage).
5	Oddities Found in Ballast Water School of squid in Lake Michigan
6	Oddities Found in Ballast Water Large ray (Manta?) in Lake Michigan
7	Oddities Found in Ballast Water School of mullet in ballast tank in Chesapeake Bay
8	Ecological Roulette About two million gallons of ballast water [= two million gallons of plankton] from foreign ports is released in US coastal waters every hour. Scientists estimate that as many as 3,000 alien species are transported in ballast every day.
9	A Global Problem Ballast water is on a "top 10" list of environmental problems National Research Council in 1995 ranked exotic species invasion as one of five major issues in marine ecosystems management.
10	Non-native Species in Ports
11	Ballast Exchange
12	Ballast Exchange Efficacy Two types of ballast exchange Empty/Refill 95-98% Flow through 85% per cycle Clearly reduces the numbers of organisms – but is it enough considering what’s left?
13	Shipping as a Pathway
14	Pathways for Crustaceans
15	Pathways for Mollusks
16	Pathways for Coelenterates
17	Pathways for Tunicates (sea squirts)
18	Pathways for Bryozoans
19	Pathways for Fish
20	Great Lakes Ballast Introductions
21	NOBOBs Most ships in Great Lakes are NOBOBs Technically in compliance (residual water, sediment, resting stage) Can flush out tanks in lakes Organisms are available for re-suspension
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40	European Flounder (Platichthys flesus)
41	European Flounder (Platichthys flesus)
42	Coastal Introductions
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44	Marine Introductions on the East Coast
45	Japanese shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus Native to western North Pacific First found at Cape May, NJ - 1988 Now - Cape Cod to Chesapeake Bay
46	Veined Rapa Whelk Rapana veinosa
47	Porceline Crab
48	Marine Introductions on the Gulf Coast
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52	Phyllorhiza punctata in Coastal Waters of Mississippi/Alabama
53	Phyllorhiza punctata Indigenous to Indo-Pacific Introduced to Mediterranean, Hawaii Introduced to the western tropical Atlantic late 1960s / early 1970s Until recently, primary Atlantic concentration in southern Caribbean
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57	Size Can exceed 500 mm in bell diameter (around 20 inches)
58	Why Should We Be Concerned?
59	Feeding
60	Species at Risk May consume larvae of important commercial and recreational species
61	Species at Risk Jellies consume more than just fish larvae
62	Species at Risk
63	Immediate Impacts on Fisheries
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65	Marine Introductions on the West Coast
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67	Asian Gobies in California
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70	Ship worm (Taredo navalis)
71	Diseases Carried in Ballast
72	National Ballast Water Information Clearinghouse http://invasions.si.edu/ballast.htm Maintained by Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) All foreign vessels are required to report on their ballast activities
73	National Ballast Water Information Clearinghouse Spatial trend (volume discharged per port)
74	National Ballast Water Information Clearinghouse
75	National Ballast Water Information Clearinghouse Source region of exotic species in Chesapeake Bay
76	National Marine and Estuarine Invasions Database Temporal trend
77	A Two-way Street Mnemiopsis leidyi (jellyfish) Atlantic à Black Sea devastated fisheries
78	Other Pathways
79	Bait Releases
80	Food Importation and Releases
81	Stocking Legal/Illegal Intentional/Unintentional Sport Forage
82	Aquarium Releases Escapes from Tropical Fish Farms
83	Aquarium Releases Escapes from Tropical Fish Farms
84	Aquarium Releases: Not just freshwater
85	Aquarium Releases: Not just tropical
86	Aquarium Releases: Not just fish
87	The End
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