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| NAS - Nonindigenous Aquatic Species |
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Common Name: diatom
Taxonomy: available through 
Identification: This cylindrical diatom species typically contains 2–6 disc-like chloroplasts and usually occurs singly but may occasionally form colonies of a few cells connected via threads. There may be 0–12 central fultoportulae and 1 labiate process. The central area generally exhibits a siliceous irregularly shaped ring. Somewhat raised costae also branch out from the central area on the valve face and may be more or less granular and siliceous depending on the silica content of the water. Pores on the valve face are somewhat haphazardly distributed in radial rows and towards the valve margins there are areolae. Areolae or distinct costae are typically apparent on the mantle (Hasle 1978; Kiss et al. 1984; Trigueros et al. 2000).
Size: The diameter of T. guillardii varies from around 4–35 µm (Hasle 1978; Kiss et al. 1984; Speller 1990; Trigueros et al. 2000).
Native Range:
Exact native range is unclear. T. guillardii is widespread but not all the locations where it has been recorded may be part of the native range. It occurs in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in coastal waters, the Baltic Sea (the type locality), some European river drainages such as the Weser, Danube, Thames, and Tisza, and even in Lake Balaton, Hungary (Hasle 1978; Kiss et al. 1984; Kiss and Padisak 1990; Mills et al. 1993; Shevchenko et al. 2003).
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Interactive maps: Continental US, Alaska, Hawaii, Caribbean
Nonindigenous Occurrences: T. guillardii occurred in Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie for the first time in 1973 (Mills et al. 1993).
Ecology: T. guillardii typically grows best above 8‰ salinity but has been recorded growing in fresh, brackish, and saline conditions up to around 35‰. The occurrence of this species in a reservoir in Great Britain at 95% biovolume was surprising since concentrations in freshwater regions are typically relatively low. In Urdaibai Estuary, Spain, this species blooms from March to November but is mostly considered a spring and summer bloomer. It has reached highest concentrations in this water body at 21ºC but has been recorded at water temperatures ranging from 7–24.5ºC in the same estuary. It is capable of sexual reproduction (Hasle 1978; Trigueros and Orive 2000, 2001; Trigueros et al. 2000; Armbrust et al. 2001).
Means of Introduction: T. guillardii was very likely introduced via ballast water to the Great Lakes basin (Mills et al. 1993).
Status: Established where recorded.
Impact of Introduction: Unknown.
Remarks:
It should be noted that early slides from 19th century Lake Erie are not well preserved so it is not possible to conclude whether or not they contained T. guillardii (Hasle 1978).
In 1958, Guillard isolated three diatom clones from an estuary (3-H), slope water (7-15), and open ocean region (13-1). They were all greatly studied and considered to be different forms of T. pseudonana. It turns out though that clone 7-15 is identical to T. guillardii from brackish water. 3-H is still considered to be T. pseudonana, and 13-1 is considered to be a third species (Hasle 1982).
References
Armbrust, E. V. and H. M. Galindo. 2001. Rapid evolution of a sexual reproduction gene in centric diatoms of the genus Thalassiosira. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67(8):3501-3513.
Belcher, J. H. and E. M. F. Swale. 1986. Notes on some small Thalassiosira species (Bacillariophyceae) from the plankton of the lower Thames and other British estuaries identified by transmission electron microscopy. British Phycological Journal 21(2):139-146.
Hasle, G. R. 1978. Some fresh water and brackish water species of the diatom genus Thalassiosira. Phycologia 17(3):263-292.
Hasle, G. R. 1982. The morphology of the Guillard clones 3-H, 7-15 and 13-1 clones. British Phycological Journal 17(2):233.
Kiss, K. T. and J. Padisak. 1990. Species succession in the Thalassiosiraceae. Quantitative studies in the large shallow Lake Balaton, Hungary. Pp. 481-490 in H. Simola (ed.). Proceedings of the tenth international diatom symposium: Joensuu, Finland, Aug. 28-Sept. 2, 1988. Koeltz Scientific Books.
Kiss, K. T., K. Kovacs, and E. Dobler. 1984. The fine structure of some Thalassiosira spp. (Bacillariophyceae) in the Danube and the Tisza Rivers, Hungary. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 67(4):409-415.
Mills, E. L., J. H. Leach, J. T. Carlton, and C. L. Secor. 1993. Exotic species in the Great Lakes: a history of biotic crises and anthropogenic introductions. Journal of Great Lakes Research 19(1):1-54.
Shevchenko, O. G., T. Y. Orlova, and I. V. Stonik. 2003. Species of the genus Thalassiosira (Bacillariophyta) new for the Far Eastern seas of Russia. Botanicheskii Zhurnal (St. Petersburg) 88(5):152-156. (in Russian)
Speller, F. M. 1990. A contribution to our knowledge of the taxonomy of discoidal centric diatoms based upon observations of populations from the River Thames, England. Hydrobiologia 190:15-32.
Trigueros, J. M., A. Ansotegui, E. Orive and M. L. No. 2000. Morphology and distribution of two brackish diatoms (Bacillariophyceae): Cyclotella atomus Hustedt and Thalassiosira guillardii Hasle in the estuary of Urdaibai (northern Spain). Nova Hedwigia 70(3-4):431-450.
Trigueros, M. T. and E. Orive. 2000. Tidally driven distribution of phytoplankton blooms in a shallow, macrotidal estuary. Journal of Plankton Research 22(5):969-986.
Trigueros, J. M. and E. Orive. 2001. Seasonal variations of diatoms and dinoflagellates in a shallow, temperate estuary, with emphasis on neritic assemblages. Hydrobiologia 444:119-133.
Author: Rebekah M. Kipp
Contributing Agencies: 
NOAA - GLERL
Revision Date: 8/7/2007 Citation for this information:
Rebekah M. Kipp. 2009. Thalassiosira guillardii. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL.
<http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=1690> Revision Date: 8/7/2007
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