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| NAS - Nonindigenous Aquatic Species |
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Common Name: diatom
Synonyms and Other Names: Cyclotella nana
Taxonomy: available through 
Identification:
This diatom can occur singly or in chains up to 6 cells long. It typically exhibits a ring of strutted processes around the edge of the valve face, costae that may run from the middle of the valve face to its edges, and 1 labiate process. The central region of the valve face is often bounded by an irregular siliceous ring and may or may not exhibit central fultoportulae. The valve face is often striated radially and hexagonal to polygonal areolae are often apparent in the central region (Lowe and Busch 1975; Hasle 1976; Belcher and Swale 1977, 1986; Lange et al. 1983; Sabater and Klee 1990; Harris et al. 1995; Muylaert and Sabbe 1996).
T. pseudonana can range in diameter from 2.5–15 µm (Lowe and Busch 1975; Hasle 1976; Belcher and Swale 1977, 1986; Lange et al. 1983; Price et al. 1987; Harris et al. 1995; Muylaert and Sabbe 1996).
Size: 2.5 to 15 microns
Native Range:
Unclear. T. pseudonana is considered widespread. It is known from freshwater habitats in Europe and the former USSR, brackish and coastal waters of Europe, coastal waters of Japan, coastal waters of Australia, coastal waters of India, the Argentine Sea, the Baltic Sea, coastal waters on both sides of North America, and a few inland habitats in North America (Lowe and Busch 1975; Belcher and Swale 1977, 1986; Hasle 1978; Blinn et al. 1981; Genkal and Prokina 1981; Lange et al. 1983; Kiss 1984, 1996; Raman and Prakash 1989; Mills et al. 1993; Harris et al. 1995; Muylaert and Sabbe 1996; Ake-Castillo et al. 1999).
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Interactive maps: Continental US, Alaska, Hawaii, Caribbean
Nonindigenous Occurrences: T. pseudonana was recorded for the first time in an artesian well that is part of the Lake Erie drainage in Ohio in 1973, but may have been present at an earlier date elsewhere in the Great Lakes drainage. It was later recorded from Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, and the Sandusky River, which flows into Lake Erie (Lowe and Kline 1976; Mills et al. 1993).
Ecology: T. pseudonana is a cosmopolitan species typically found in freshwater and coastal brackish habitats. It is usually a phytoplankton species but has also been recorded in the periphyton. It is eurythermal, experiencing good growth from 10–30°C with an optimum around 21°C. Growth rates typically increase with increasing temperature, which confers T. pseudonana a competitive advantage at higher temperatures. Maximum abundance has been recorded in different regions of the world in late spring, summer, and late fall (Lowe and Busch 1975; Ferguson et al. 1976; Goldman and Ryther 1976; Lowe and Kline 1976; Hegseth and Saksaug 1983; Harris et al. 1995).
T. pseudonana, like many diatom species, is capable of a sexual phase in reproduction. The rate of reproduction in general increases with increasing temperature. It has a dormant stage that is most likely a physiological resting cell (Brand et al. 1981; Armbrust et al. 2001; McQuoid 2005). It can be limited or its growth rate can be controlled by changes in concentrations of vitamin B-12, silicon, selenium, zinc, nitrogen, phosphorus, or other vitamins, depending on the environment in which it occurs (Guillard et al .1973; Swift and Taylor 1974; Price et al. 1987; Sunda and Huntsman 1992, 2005; Maestrini et al. 1997; Miao and Wang 2006).
It is often associated with relatively polluted regions, places where chemical oxygen demand is elevated and nutrient concentrations are very high, and even with red tides, although it is non-toxic (Raman and Prakash 1989; Mallin et al. 1995; de Almeida and Gil 2001; Gao et al. 2006; Weckstrom and Juggins 2006). This species grows well at pH of 7–8.8 but at higher pH growth rates are reduced because CO2 becomes limiting (Chen and Durbin 1994). It is capable of quickly adapting to changes in irradiance by adjusting cell volume (Thompson et al. 1991).
Means of Introduction: T. pseudonana was very likely introduced in ballast water to the Great Lakes basin. It was first discovered in an artesian well but was probably originally introduced elsewhere in the basin to a location more easily accessible to ships carrying ballast water (Mills et al. 1993).
Status: Established where recorded.
Impact of Introduction: Unknown.
Remarks: In 1958, Guillard isolated three diatom clones from an estuarine habitat (3-H), slope water (7-15), and open ocean (13-1). These clones were considered for years to be different forms of T. pseudonana. However, it turns out that clone 7-15 is identical to T. guillardii from brackish water and clone 13-1 is another species. Only clone 3-H is still considered to be T. pseudonana (Hasle 1982). T. pseudonana is synonymous with Cyclotella nana.
References
Ake-Castillo, J. A., D. U. Hernandez-Becerril, and M. E. Meave del Castillo. 1999. Species of the genus Thalassiosira (Bacillariophyceae) from the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico. Botanica Marina 42(6):487-503.
Armbrust, E. V. and H. M. Galindo. 2001. Rapid evolution of a sexual reproduction gene in centric diatoms of the genus Thalassiosira. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67(8):3501-3513.
Belcher, J. H. and E. M. F. Swale. 1977. Species of Thalassiosira diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) in the plankton of English rivers. British Phycological Journal 12(3):291-296.
Belcher, J. H. and E. M. F. Swale. 1986. Notes on some small Thalassiosira species (Bacillariophyceae) from the plankton of the lower Thames and other British estuaries identified by transmission electron microscopy. British Phycological Journal 21(2):139-146.
Blinn, D. W., M. Hurley, and L. Brokaw. 1981. The effect of saline seeps and restricted light on the seasonal dynamics of phyto plankton communities within a southwestern USA desert canyon stream. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie 92(3):287-305.
Brand, L. E., L. S. Murphy, R. R. L. Guillard, and H.-T. Lee. 1981. Genetic variability and differentiation in the temperature niche component of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Marine Biology (Berlin) 62(2-3):103-110.
Chen, C. Y. and E. G. Durbin. 1994. Effects of pH on the growth and carbon uptake of marine phytoplankton. Marine Ecology Progress Series 109(1):83-94.
de Almeida, S. F. P. and M. C. P. Gil. 2001. Ecology of freshwater diatoms from the central region of Portugal. Cryptogami Algologie 22(1):109-126.
Ferguson, R. L., A. Collier, and D. A. Meeter. 1976. Growth response of Thalassiosira pseudonana clone 3H to illumination temperature and nitrogen source. Chesapeake Science 17(3):148-158.
Gao, H., Y. Gao, and J. Liang. 2006. Xiamen Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban) 45(4):553-557.
Genkal, S. I. and N. Y. Prokina. 1981. Massive development of a little known diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana in the Volga Russian-SFSR USSR. Gidrobiologicheskii Zhurnal 17(1):42-44.
Goldman, J. C. and J. H. Ryther. 1976. Temperature-influenced species composition in mass cultures of marine phytoplankton. Biotechnology and Bioengineering XVIII:1125-1144.
Guillard, R. R. L., P. Kilharn, and T. A. Jackson. 1973. Kinetics of silicon-limited growth in the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana Hasle and Heimdal (=Cyclotella nana Hustedt). Journal of Phycology 9(3):233-237.
Harris, A. S. D., L. K. Medlin, J. Lewis, and K. J. Jones. 1995. Thalassiosira species (Bacillariophyceae) from a Scottish sea-loch. European Journal of Phycology 30:117-131.
Hasle, G. R. 1976. Examination of diatom type material Nitzschia delicatissima, Thalassiosira minuscula, and Cyclotella nana. British Phycological Journal 11(2):101-110.
Hasle, G. R. 1978. Some fresh water and brackish water species of the diatom genus Thalassiosira. Phycologia 17(3):263-292.
Hasle, G. R. 1982. The morphology of the Guillard clones 3-H, 7-15 and 13-1 clones. British Phycological Journal 17(2):233.
Hegseth, E. N. and E. Sakshaug. 1983. Seasonal variation in light- and temperature-dependent growth of marine planktonic diatoms in in situ dialysis cultures in the Trondheimsfjord, Norway (63ºN). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 67:199-220.
Kiss, K. T. 1984. Occurrence of Thalassiosira pseudonana new record Bacillariophyceae in some rivers of Hungary. Acta Botanica Hungarica 30(3-4):277-288.
Kiss, K. T. 1996. Diurnal changes of planktonic diatoms in the River Danube near Budapest (Hungary). Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 112:113-122.
Lange, C., R. M. Negri, and H. R. Benavides. 1983. Some species of the genus Thalassiosira Bacillariophyceae of the Argentine Sea 1. Iheringia Serie Botanica 31:9-30. (in Spanish)
Lowe, R. L. and D. E. Busch. 1975. Morphological observations on two species of the diatom genus Thalassiosira from fresh-water habitats in Ohio. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 94(1):118-123.
Lowe, R. L. and P. A. Kline. 1976. Planktonic centric diatoms from the Sandusky River, Ohio, USA. Pp. 143-152 in D. B. Baker, W. B. Jackson, and B. L. Prater (eds.) International Reference Group on Great Lakes Pollution from Land Use Activities. Sandusky River Basin Symposium, Tiffin, Ohio, USA, May 2-3, 1975. US Government Printing Office:Washington, D.C. 475 pp.
Maestrini, S. Y., B. R. Berland, M. Breret, C. Bechemin, R. Poletti, and A. Rinaldi. 1997. Nutrients limiting the algal growth potential (AGP) in the Po River plume and an adjacent area, northwest Adriatic Sea: enrichment bioassays with the test algae Nitzschia closterium and Thalassiosira pseudonana. Estuaries 20(2): 416-429.
Mallin, M. A., J. M. Burkholder, M. L. Larsen, and H. B. Glasgow Jr. 1995. Response of two zooplankton grazers to an ichthyotoxic estuarine dinoflagellate. Journal of Plankton Research 17(2):351-363.
McQuoid, M. R. 2005. Influence of salinity on seasonal germination of resting stages and composition of microplankton on the Swedish west coast. Marine Ecology Progress Series 289:151-163.
Miao, A.-J. and W.-X. Wang. 2006. Fulfilling iron requirements of a coastal diatom under different temperatures and irradiances. Limnology and Oceanography 51(2):925-935.
Mills, E. L., J. H. Leach, J. T. Carlton, and C. L. Secor. 1993. Exotic species in the Great Lakes: a history of biotic crises and anthropogenic introductions. Journal of Great Lakes Research 19(1):1-54.
Muylaert, K. and K. Sabbe. 1996. The diatom genus Thalassiosira (Bacillariophyta) in the estuaries of the Schelde (Belgium/The Netherlands) and the Elbe (Germany). Botanica Marina 39(2):103-115.
Price, N. M., P. A. Thompson, and P. J. Harrison. 1987. Selenium: an essential element for growth of the coastal marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 23:1-9.
Raman, A. V. and K. P. Prakash. 1989. Phytoplankton ecology in relation to pollution in Visakhapatnam Harbour, east coast of India. Asian Marine Biology 6:161-166.
Sabater, S. and R. Klee. 1990. Observations on centric diatoms of the River Ebro, Spain: phytoplankton, with special interest on some small Cyclotella. Diatom Research 5(1):141-154.
Sunda, W. G. and S. A. Huntsman. 1992. Feedback interactions between zinc and phytoplankton in seawater. Limnology and Oceanography 37(1):25-40.
Sunda, W. G. and S. A. Huntsman. 2006. Effect of CO2 supply and demand on zinc uptake and growth limitation in a coastal diatom. Limnology and Oceanography 50(4):1181-1192.
Swift D. G. and W. R. Taylor. 1974. Growth of vitamin B12-limited cultures: Thalassiosira pseudonana, Monochrysis lutheri, and Isochrysis galbana. Journal of Phycology 10:385-391.
Thompson, P. A., P. J. Harrison, and J. S. Parslow. 1991. Influence of irradiance on cell volume and carbon quota for ten species of marine phytoplankton. Journal of Phycology 27(3):351-360.
Weckstrom, K. and S. Juggins. 2006. Coastal diatom-environment relationships from the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea. Journal of Phycology 42(1):21-35.
Author: Rebekah M. Kipp
Contributing Agencies: 
NOAA - GLERL
Revision Date: 8/14/2007 Citation for this information:
Rebekah M. Kipp. 2009. Thalassiosira pseudonana. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL.
<http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=1692> Revision Date: 8/14/2007
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