| Impact ID | 8988 |
| Impact Type | Disease/Parasite/Toxicity |
| Study Type | Anecdotal |
| Study Location | N/A |
| Impact Description | European starlings, rose-breasted grosbeaks, cedar waxwings, and American robins, all of which have at least part of their range in the Great Lakes, feed on the fruits of Rhamnus frangula (glossy buckthorn). However, consuming these berries often leads to a net energy loss due to their diarrheic qualities. |
| Reference | 25438 |
| Cost | |
| Location | |