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The Nonindigenous Occurrences section of the NAS species profiles has a new structure. The section is now dynamically updated from the NAS database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information. Occurrences are summarized in Table 1, alphabetically by state, with years of earliest and most recent observations, and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed. The table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states, years, and drainages selected. References to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the Table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables.

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Common name: European stream valvata

Synonyms and Other Names: European valve snail

Taxonomy: available through www.itis.gov

Identification: Valvata piscinalis has a somewhat pinched aperture and an attenuate spire (Grigorovich et al. 2005).  Spire height tends to increases in more eutrophic conditions (Fretter and Graham 1978, Grigorovich et al. 2005). Shells of this species often exhibit 4–5 whorls (Grigorovich et al. 2005) and are white to beige with more orange to red pigmentation apically (Fretter and Graham 1978). The operculum shows spiral markings of around 10 turns, originating almost centrally (Fretter and Graham 1978). The animals are yellow colored, spotted grey and white, with blue eyes and darker pigmentation on the snout, mantle and base of the penis (Fretter and Graham 1978). Valvatids all exhibit a bipectinate ctenidium (respiratory organ) that is visible as the animal moves (Fretter and Graham 1978). The European valve snail can be confused with V. sincera, a native species in the Great Lakes; however, the native species has a more spherical aperture, a wider umbilicus, a conical spire and more widely spaced and rough growth lines on the shell in comparison with the introduced species (Grigorovich et al. 2005).  In the Great Lakes, mature adult European valve snails are 5 mm high and 3–5 mm wide (Grigorovich et al. 2005). In Europe, this snail has been found up to 7 mm high and 6.5 mm wide, but is usually smaller (Fretter and Graham 1978).

Size: can reach 7 mm in length

Native Range: The European valve snail is native to Europe, the Caucasus, western Siberia and Central Asia and is common in many freshwater environments therein (Grigorovich et al. 2005). It is entirely absent from Iceland (Fretter and Graham 1978).

Alaska	Hawaii	Puerto Rico & Virgin Islands	Guam Saipan

Hydrologic Unit Codes (HUCs) Explained
Interactive maps: Point Distribution Maps

Ecology: Valvata piscinalis is known for its rapid growth and high fecundity. It reproduces as a hermaphrodite, one individual acting as the male and the other as the female, and has no free larval stage (Fretter and Graham 1978, Grigorovich et al. 2005). It may spawn 2 or 3 times in a year, laying up to 150 eggs at a time (Grigorovich et al. 2005) which are deposited on vegetation. Hatching normally occurs in 15–30 days (Fretter and Graham 1978). Individuals breed around the age of 1 and usually die at 13–21 months (Grigorovich et al. 2005). In Europe, breeding occurs from April to September, occurring later at more northerly latitudes (Fretter and Graham 1978).            

The species is an efficient feeder, grazing on epiphytic algae and detritus, and in more eutrophic environments is capable of filter feeding on suspended organic matter and algae (Grigorovich et al. 2005). Valvata piscinalis can also rasp off pieces of aquatic vegetation (Fretter and Graham 1978).

Found in freshwater lakes and streams.  In its native range, this species’ presence has been associated with oligotrophic nearshore zones (Grigorovich et al. 2005), clear-water habitats more than turbid water, sparsely vegetated lakes or sites dominated by Chara spp. and Potamogeton spp. (Van den Berg et al. 1995, Van den Berg et al. 1997), littoral habitats with high siltation rates (Smith et al. 1994), lentic and stagnant waters or slow streams (Frank 1987), fine substrates (mud, silt and sand) – especially during hibernation, and aquatic macrophytes – for laying its egg masses (Grigorovich et al. 2005).  The snail appears to be somewhat resistant to declines in macrophyte cover, because populations have been recorded to survive in ponds after vegetation cover almost completely disappeared (Lodge and Kelly 1985). This species is found anywhere from 0.5–23 m in the Great Lakes (Grigorovich et al. 2005). In Europe, it usually is found up to 10 m (Fretter and Graham 1978).            

Valvata piscinalis tolerates varying calcium concentrations and generally does not require very high temperatures to survive (Fretter and Graham 1978, Grigorovich et al. 2005). Individuals can overwinter in mud, often experiencing growth during this cold period (Chernogorenko 1980, Fretter and Graham 1978), although some populations may experience mortality in frozen littoral zones (Olsson 1984). This species can tolerate salinities up to 0.2% (Fretter and Graham 1978) and is distributed in northern parts of the Curonian Lagoon, where it experiences periodic intrusions of saline water for a few hours or days at a time (Bubinas and Vaitonis 2005, Olenin and Daunys 2005).

Valvata piscinalis is a common first intermediate host for the parasitic trematode Echinoparyphium recurvatum and has also been shown to act as the first and second intermediate hosts to E. mordwilokoi in native environments in Europe (Evans et al. 1981, Grabda-Kazubska and Kiseliene 1991, McCarthy 1990). The snail also has chemosensory perception that allows it to detect nearby leeches and distinguish molluscivores from non-molluscivores, and thus close its operculum to avoid predation (Kelly and Cory 1987).

Means of Introduction: The European valve snail was most likely first introduced to Lake Ontario in packing material made of straw and marsh grasses used to protect breakable items arriving from Europe (Mills et al. 1993). Subsequent range expansion may have occurred via natural dispersal, while more recent records of the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century may have been aided by human-mediated dispersal in ships and via canals (Grigorovich et al. 2005).

Status: The European valve snail is established in all the Great Lakes except for the St. Clair River and Lake Huron (Grigorovich et al. 2005). Populations are much more sparsely distributed and often disjunct in the more recently colonized areas.

Impact of Introduction:

A) Realized: When V. piscinalis was introduced to Oneida Lake, native gastropods (in particular, hydrobiid snails) decreased in abundance (Grigorovich et al. 2005), possibly due to competition.  

B) Potential: This species has the potential to compete with native gastropods for food and space (Grigorovich et al. 2005).  Unlike native gastropods, it is capable of filter feeding on suspended food items in eutrophic conditions, which could conceivably allow it to become competitively dominant in such conditions.

References: (click for full references)

Bubinas, A., and G. Vaitonis. 2005. The structure and seasonal dynamics of zoobenthic communities in the northern and central parts of the Curonian lagoon. Acta Zoologica Lituanica 15(4):297-304.

Chernogorenko, M.I. 1980. Seasonal dynamics of mollusk infestation by larvae and parthenitae in the Dnieper River Ukrainian-SSR USSR. Vestnik Zoologii 5:53-56.

Evans, N.A., P.J. Whitfield, and A.P. Dobson. 1981. Parasite utilization of a host community: the distribution and occurrence of metacercarial cysts of Echinoparyphium recurvatum (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) in seven species of mullusc at Harting Pond, Sussex. Parasitology 83(1):1-12.

Frank, C. 1987. A contribution to the knowledge of Hungarian Mollusca part III. Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck 74:113-124.

Fretter, V., and A. Graham. 1978. The prosobranch molluscs of Britain and Denmark; Part 3: Neritacea, Viviparacea, Valvatacea, terrestrial and freshwater Littorinacea and Rissoacea. Journal of Molluscan Studies Supplement 5:101-150.

Grabda-Kazubska, B., and V. Kiseliene. 1991. The life cycle of Echinoparyphium mordwilkoi Skrjabin, 1914 (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Acta Parasitologica Polonica 36(4):167-173.

Grigorovich, I.A., E.L. Mills, C.B. Richards, D. Breneman, and J.J.H. Ciborowski. 2005. European valve snail Valvata piscinalis (Muller) in the Laurentian Great Lakes basin. Journal of Great Lakes Research 31(2):135-143.

Kelly, P.M., and J.S. Cory. 1987. Operculum closing as a defense against predatory leeches in four British freshwater prosobranch snails. Hydrobiologia 144(2):121-124.

Lodge, D.M., and P. Kelly. 1985. Habitat disturbance and the stability of freshwater gastropod populations. Oecologia 68(1):111-117.

Lombardo, P., F.P. Miccoli, M. Giustini, and B. Cicolani. 2010. Diel activity cycles of freshwater gastropods under natural light: patterns and ecological implications. International Journal of Limnology 46:29-40.

McCarthy, A.M. 1990. Speciation of echinostomes; evidence for the existence of two sympatric sibling species in the complex Echinoparyphium recurvatum Von Linstow, 1873 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae). Parasitology 101(1):35-42.

Mills, E.L., J.H. Leach, J.T. Carlton, and C.L. Secor. 1993. Exotic species in the Great Lakes: a history of biotic crises and anthropogenic introductions. Journal of Great Lakes Research 19(1):1-54.

Olenin, S., and D. Daunys. 2005. Invaders in suspension-feeding systems: variations along the regional environmental gradient and similarities between large basins. Pp. 221-237 in R. Dame and S. Olenin, eds. The Comparative Roles of Suspension-Feeders in Ecosystems. NATO Science Series. Earth and Environmental Series 47.

Olson, T.I. 1984. Winter sites and cold-hardiness of two gastropod species in a boreal river. Polar Biology 3(4):227-230.

Smit, H., J.A. Van den Velden, and A. Klinik. 1994. Macrozoobenthic assemblages in littoral sediments in the enclosed Rhine-Meuse delta. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology 28(2):199-212.

Van den Berg, M.S., H. Coops, R. Noordhuis, J. Van Schie, and J. Simons. 1995. Macroinvertebrate communities in relation to submerged vegetations in two Chara-dominated lakes. Hydrobiologia 342-343:143-150.

Van den Berg, M.S., R. Doef, F. Zant, and H. Coops. 1997. Charophytes: clear water and macroinvertebrates in the lakes Veluwemeer and Wolderwijd. Levende Natuur. 98(1):14-19.

Other Resources:
Great Lakes Water Life

Author: Kipp, R.M., A.J. Benson, J. Larson, and A. Fusaro

This information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision. It is being provided to meet the need for timely best science. The information has not received final approval by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and is provided on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information.