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The Nonindigenous Occurrences section of the NAS species profiles has a new structure. The section is now dynamically updated from the NAS database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information. Occurrences are summarized in Table 1, alphabetically by state, with years of earliest and most recent observations, and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed. The table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states, years, and drainages selected. References to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the Table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables.

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Common name: Wattle-necked Softshell

Taxonomy: available through www.itis.gov

Identification: A large softshell that has a carapace (upper shell) length of up to 426 mm (about 17 in) with wattles (turbercles) on the skin of the neck, especially in a clump where the front of the carapace joins the neck (Pritchard, 1979; Ernst and Barbour, 1989; McKeown, 1996). Juveniles have bright yellow markings, typically a wide stripe, on the sides of the head and neck (Ernst and Barbour, 1989; McKeown, 1996). This arrangement of wattles is not found on Pelodiscus sinensis (Chinese softshell), the only other softshell found in Hawaii (McKeown, 1996). The wattle-necked softshell is illustrated in Smith (1931), Pope (1935), Pritchard (1979), Ernst and Barbour (1989), Zhao and Adler (1993), Ernst et al. (1994), and McKeown (1996).

Size: carapace length of up to 426 mm

Native Range: Southeastern China, including Hainan, and northern Vietnam (Smith, 1931; Pope, 1935; Pritchard, 1979; Ernst and Barbour, 1989; Webb, 1989; Iverson, 1992; Zhao and Adler, 1993).

Alaska	Hawaii	Puerto Rico & Virgin Islands	Guam Saipan

Hydrologic Unit Codes (HUCs) Explained
Interactive maps: Point Distribution Maps

Means of Introduction: Brought to Hawaii, and probably cultivated, by Asian immigrants as a traditional source of food from the 1800s up till World War II (McKeown and Webb, 1982; McKeown, 1996). The origin of the California specimen is similar, and could have come from an Asian market or restaurant in nearby San Francisco (Van Denburgh, 1917). These turtles also might have been brought to Mauritius for the same reason. The wattle-necked softshell is considered highly palatable in parts of China (Pope, 1935).

Status: Established in Mauritius (Iverson, 1992; Zhao and Adler, 1993). Established in marshes and canals in Kauai and Oahu, Hawaii (McKeown and Webb, 1982; McKeown, 1996). Not established in California (Bury and Luckenbach, 1976).

Impact of Introduction: Unknown; but the potential for this highly carnivorous turtle to have a negative impact on indigenous Hawaiian fauna seems likely, if it has not occurred already.  There are no freshwater turtles native to Hawaii (McKeown, 1996).

Remarks: The last taxonomic revision of this species was by Meylan (1987), who created the genus Palea which means "wattles." The wattle-necked softshell is a highly aquatic, omnicarnivorous turtle, feeding on aquatic invertebrates, fish and other aquatic vertebrates (McKeown and Webb, 1982; Ernst and Barbour, 1989; Ernst et al., 1994; McKeown, 1996). In Hawaii, McKeown (1996) observed a P. steindachneri eating a nonindigenous toad, Bufo marinus. Females lay clutches of 3-28 eggs, and up to four clutches per year, which are buried in moist soil (McKeown, 1996).

 

Under Chinese law, wattle-necked softshells receive some legal protection and are classified as "Level II" (Zhao and Adler, 1993).

References: (click for full references)

Bury, R. B., and R. A. Luckenbach. 1976. Introduced amphibians and reptiles in California. Biological Conservation 1976(10):1-14.

Ernst, C. H., and R. W. Barbour. 1989. Turtles of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. and London. 313 pp.

Ernst, C. H., J. E. Lovich, and R. W. Barbour. 1994. Turtles of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London. 578 pp.

McKeown, S. 1996. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands. Diamond Head Publishing, Inc., Los Osos, California. 172 pp.

McKeown, S., and R. G. Webb. 1982. Softshell turtles in Hawaii. Journal of Herpetology 16(2):107-111.

Meylan, P. A. 1987. The phylogenetic relationships of soft-shelled turtles (Family Trionychidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 186(1):1-101.

Pope, C. H. 1935. The Reptiles of China. Turtles, Crocodilians, Snakes, Lizards. Natural History of Central Asia Vol. X. The American Museum of Natural History, New York. 604 pp. + 27 plates.

Iverson, J. B. 1992. A Revised Checklist with Distribution Maps of the Turtles of the World. John B. Iverson, Richmond, Indiana. 363 pp.

Iverson, J. [B.], P. [A.] Meylan, and M. [E.] Seidel. 2000. Testudines—turtles. Pp. 75-82. In: B. I. Crother (chair), and Committee on Standard English and Scientific Names (editors). Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular (29):i-iii, 1-82.

Pritchard, P. C. H. 1979. Encyclopedia of Turtles. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., Neptune, New Jersey. 895 pp.

Smith, M. A. 1931. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. I.—Loricata, Testudines. Taylor & Francis Ltd., London. 185 pp. + I-II.

Van Denburgh, J. 1917. Concerning the origin of the soft-shelled turtle, Aspidonectes californiana Rivers. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Fourth Series 7(2):33-35.

Webb, R. G. 1975. Taxonomic status of Aspidonectes californiana Rivers, 1889 (Testudines, Trionychidae). Copeia 1975(4):771-773.

Webb, R. [G.] 1989. Palea steindachneri (Siebenrock 1906). P. 111. In: F. W. King and R. L. Burke (editors). Crocodilian, Tuatara, and Turtle Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. The Association of Systematics Collections, Washington, DC. 216 pp.

Zhao, Er-mi, and K. Adler. 1993. Herpetology of China. Contributions to Herpetology 10. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford, Ohio. 522 pp.

Other Resources:
Alien Species in Hawaii (HEAR Project)

Author: Somma, L.A.

This information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision. It is being provided to meet the need for timely best science. The information has not received final approval by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and is provided on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information.