| Impact ID | 1973 |
| Impact Type | Disease/Parasites/Toxicity |
| Study Type | Observational |
| Study Location | Field |
| Impact Description | Carrier of Philophthalmus gralli, the avian eye fluke, that commonly infects waterfowl. |
| Reference | 33301 |
| Great Lakes Region | No |
| Cost | |
| Location | |
