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Cut-and-Paste Reference:
Cohen, A.N., and J.T. Carlton. 1995. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in a United States Estuary, A Case Study of the Biological Invasions of the San Francisco Bay and Delta. A report for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC and The National Sea Grant College Program Connecticut Sea Grant. http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/conn/connt95002/connt95002full.pdf.
Reference Details:
Reference Number: 10319
Type: Report
Author: Cohen, A.N., and J.T. Carlton.
Date (year): 1995
Report TitleNonindigenous Aquatic Species in a United States Estuary, A Case Study of the Biological Invasions of the San Francisco Bay and Delta.
Publisher:A report for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC and The National Sea Grant College Program Connecticut Sea Grant.
Publisher Location:
Pages: 246 pp
URL: http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/conn/connt95002/connt95002full.pdf
Keywords: introduced species, distribution, San Francisco Bay, San Francisco Delta, nonindigenous, environmental impacts, ecological interactions, Procambarus clarkii, Red Swamp Crayfish, Urnatella gracilis
Species Profiles and Specimens that use this Reference:

Anguinella palmata

    CA - San Pablo Bay at Point San Pablo Yacht Harbor [W of San Pablo, CA]
    CA - San Pablo Bay at Loch Lomond Yacht Harbor
    CA - San Francisco Bay at San Leandro Marina [San Leandro, CA]
    CA - San Francisco Bay at Mission Rock [just S of the SF-Oakland Bay bridge]
    CA - San Francisco Bay at Coyote Point [due N of San Mateo, CA]

Arcuatula senhousia

    WA - Samish Bay
    WA - Puget Sound at Olympia
    CA - Tomales Bay (just north of San Francisco)
    CA - Mission Bay (San Diego, CA)
    CA - Lake Merritt, Oakland
    CA - San Pablo Bay (north of San Francisco Bay)
    CA - Honker Bay (NE corner of Suisun Bay near Pittsburg, CA)

Barentsia benedeni

    CA - Lake Merritt, Oakland
    CA - San Francisco Bay at the Palo Alto Yacht Harbor [Palo Alto, CA]
    CA - San Francisco Bay at Berkeley Yacht Harbor (Central Bay), Berkeley, CA
    CA - Salton Sea
    OR - Coos Bay
    MA - Atlantic Ocean off Massachusetts coast

Blackfordia virginica

    CA - Napa River (Napa, CA)
    CA - Petaluma River

Caprella mutica

    CA - Humboldt Bay (near Eureka, CA)
    CA - San Francisco Bay
    CA - Elkhorn Slough
    OR - Coos Bay
    CA - Oakland Estuary (Oakland, CA)

Carcinus maenas

    CA - Estero Americano [Sonoma/Marin County line, Bodega Bay]
    CA - Redwood Shores Lagoon [Redwood City, CA]
    CA - San Francisco Bay south of Dumbarton Bridge [Menlo Park, CA]
    CA - Carquinez Strait at Benicia, CA
    CA - Drakes Estero [Drakes Bay, W of Point Reyes Sta]
    CA - Tomales Bay (just north of San Francisco)
    CA - Bodega Bay
    CA - Elkhorn Slough [Moss Landing, CA]
    CA - Arcata Bay E side of bay

Ciona savignyi

    CA - San Francisco Bay
    CA - Pacific Ocean, San Pedro Bay at Long Beach
    CA - San Diego Bay
    CA - Pacific Ocean at Santa Barbara

Cipangopaludina chinensis

    IA - Sioux City, IA (Missouri River?)

Cordylophora caspia

    CA - San Joaquin River at Antioch, CA
    CA - Delta-Mendota Canal [E of Monterey Bay]
    CA - Lake Merced (San Francisco water supply)

Cotula coronopifolia

    OR - Coastal Oregon
    CA - Coastal California
    CA - Coastal California
    CA - Coastal California
    CA - San Francisco Peninsula
    OR - Coastal Oregon
    CA - San Francisco Bay, saltmarshes
    CA - Delta region of the San Francisco Bay
    CA - Suisun Marsh
    CA - Suisun Marsh
    CA - Suisan Bay, tidal marshes

Cryptosula pallasiana

    CA - Pacific Ocean, Monterey Bay
    CA - Bodega Bay
    OR - Coos Bay
    CA - San Francisco Bay at Berkeley Yacht Harbor [Berkeley, CA]
    CA - San Francisco Bay

Diadumene lineata

    CA - San Francisco Bay
    CA - Newport Bay, near Newport Beach

Egeria densa

    CA - Contra Costa Canal
    CA - Contra Costa County
    CA - San Francisco Bay Area
    CA - San Joaquin valley
    CA - Sierra Nevada, both sides
    CA - San Joaquin County

Eichhornia crassipes

    CA - Sacramento River Delta
    CA - Sacramento River near Clarksburg
    CA - Kings River
    CA - Sacramento River Delta
    CA - Santa Ana River
    CA - Merced River
    CA - San Francisco Bay Area
    CA - The Delta and San Joaquin Valley drainage
    CA - Bacon Island

Eriocheir sinensis

    CA - San Francisco Bay (southern portion)

Faxonius virilis

    CA - Chico
    CA - Cosumnes River [see Sacramento, CA area]
    CA - Putah Creek [county line between Yolo and Solano Countys]
    CA - Yolo County ditches
    CA - Butte County ditches
    CA - Colusa County ditches

Ficopomatus enigmaticus

    CA - Lake Merritt, Oakland
    CA - Aquatic Park Lagoon in Berkeley, CA
    CA - Alameda Lagoons (Berkley, CA area ?)
    CA - Berkeley Yacht Harbor (Central San Francisco Bay, Berkley, CA )
    CA - San Rafael Creek (San Rafael, CA)
    CA - Corte Madera Creek (Corte Madera, CA)
    CA - South San Francisco Bay at Palo Alto Yacht Harbor (Palo Alto, CA)
    CA - San Pablo Bay at China Camp (just NE of San Rafael, CA)
    CA - Foster City Lagoons
    CA - Belvedere Lagoons (Belvedere, CA)
    CA - Petaluma River Turning Basin (NW of San Pablo Bay, CA)

Gonothyraea loveni

    CA - Oakland Estuary (Oakland Creek)
    CA - San Francisco Bay
    CA - Oakland Estuary (Oakland, CA)
    CA - Oakland Estuary (Oakland, CA)
    CA - San Francisco Bay at Emeryville, CA (just N of Oakland)
    CA - San Francisco Bay at Coyote Point [due N of San Mateo, CA]
    OR - Isthmus Slough in Coos Bay

Iris pseudacorus

    NY - near Poughkeepsie
    NY - Ithaca, near the city
    MA - state non-specific
    CA - San Francisco Bay Area
    CA - South San Joaquin Valley
    CA - Islets in the Delta
    CA - Merced County, moving down the watercourses in the county

Limnoithona sinensis

    CA - San Joaquin River at Stockton
    CA - San Joaquin River at Stockton

Limnoithona tetraspina

    CA - Suisun Bay at Chipps Island [N of West Pittsburg, CA]
    CA - Sacramento River at Collinsville, CA
    CA - Sacramento River at Hood, CA

Melanoides tuberculata

    CA - ditch in Riverside County, CA

Myriophyllum aquaticum

    CA - San Joaquin Delta drainage

Myriophyllum spicatum

    CA - San Francisco Bay Area
    CA - San Francisco Delta
    CA - San Joaquin valley

Mytilus galloprovincialis

    CA - state non-specific
    OR - Coos Bay
    CA - San Francisco Bay (northern South Bay)
    CA - San Pablo Bay (north of San Francisco Bay) (southern portion)
    CA - Suisun Bay near Martinez, CA

Nasturtium officinale

    CA - San Francisco Delta
    CA - San Francisco Delta

Obelia dichotoma

    CA - San Francisco Bay

Pacifastacus leniusculus

    CA - San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz
    CA - pond on the Shebley Ranch between Colfax and Grass Valley, CA
    CA - Monterey County

Potamogeton crispus

    CA - San Francisco Bay Area,
    CA - Central Valley Area, cismontane California
    CA - San Joaquin Delta drainage

Procambarus clarkii

    CA - stream near Pasadena, CA
    CA - Lakeside, ponds
    CA - Suisun Bay at Shell Marsh, east of Martinez, CA
    CA - San Francisco Bay at Coyote Hills Marsh in Alameda, CA

Pseudodiaptomus forbesi

    CA - Suisun Bay [Port Chicago, US Naval Station]
    CA - San Joaquin River near Stockton

Rhithropanopeus harrisii

    CA - Lake Merritt, Oakland
    OR - Coos Bay
    OR - Netarts Bay (near Netarts, OR)
    OR - Yaquina Bay [Newport, OR]
    OR - Umpqua River
    CA - Petaluma River at Petaluma, CA
    CA - Carquinez Strait at Martinez, CA
    CA - Delta-Mendota Canal [E of Monterey Bay]

Sinocalanus doerri

    CA - Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta near Pittsburg, CA
    CA - Sacramento River at Hood, CA
    CA - San Joaquin River at Stockton
    CA - San Pablo Bay (north of San Francisco Bay)
    CA - San Pablo Bay (north of San Francisco Bay)

Sporobolus alterniflorus

    WA - Strait of Juan de Fuca, several areas at the eastern end, including Whidbey Island and Camano Island.
    CA - Coyote Hills Slough, San Francisco Bay
    CA - Coyote Hills Slough, along the north shore
    CA - San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge
    CA - National Wildlife Refuge near Alviso
    CA - Elsie Romer Wildlife Refuge, SW shore Alameda Island
    CA - Elsie Roemer Wildlife Refuge, SW shore Alameda Island.
    CA - northeast Bay Farm Island, south of Alameda Island
    WA - Willapa Bay
    CA - Cargill salt ponds, near Newark

Sporobolus pumilus

    CA - Southampton Bay, Southampton Marsh

Styela clava

    CA - Newport Bay, near Newport Beach
    CA - Elkhorn Slough [Moss Landing, CA]
    CA - San Francisco Bay [Point Richmond, Richmond, CA]
    CA - Mission Bay (San Diego, CA)
    CA - Monterey Harbor [Monterey, CA]
    CA - San Diego Bay (Point Loma)
    CA - Morro Bay (just NW of San Luis Obispo)
    OR - Coos Bay

Synidotea laevidorsalis

    CA - San Francisco Bay
    CA - San Francisco Bay (South Bay)
    CA - Suisun Bay at Pittsburg, CA
    CA - San Francisco Bay (Central Bay)
    CA - San Pablo Bay (north of San Francisco Bay)
    CA - San Pablo Bay (north of San Francisco Bay)
    CA - San Pablo Bay (north of San Francisco Bay)
    CA - Napa River [Vallejo, CA]
    CA - Napa River [Vallejo, CA]
    CA - Napa River [Vallejo, CA]

Urnatella gracilis

    CA - Delta-Mendota Canal [E of Monterey Bay]

Urosalpinx cinerea

    WA - Puget Sound, southern portion
    WA - Willapa Bay
    CA - Tomales Bay (just north of San Francisco)
    CA - Newport Bay, near Newport Beach
    CA - San Francisco Bay (South Bay)


Disclaimer:

The data represented on this site vary in accuracy, scale, completeness, extent of coverage and origin. It is the user's responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations. We highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data.

Citation information: U.S. Geological Survey. [2025]. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. Gainesville, Florida. Accessed [12/11/2025].

Contact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co-authorship if warranted.

For general information and questions about the database, contact Wesley Daniel. For problems and technical issues, contact Matthew Neilson.