Disclaimer:

The Nonindigenous Occurrences section of the NAS species profiles has a new structure. The section is now dynamically updated from the NAS database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information. Occurrences are summarized in Table 1, alphabetically by state, with years of earliest and most recent observations, and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed. The table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states, years, and drainages selected. References to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the Table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables.




Egeria densa
Egeria densa
(Brazilian waterweed)
Plants
Exotic

Copyright Info
Egeria densa Planch.

Common name: Brazilian waterweed

Synonyms and Other Names: Anacharis densa (Planch.) Victorin, Elodea densa (Planch.) Caspary, Philotria densa (Planch.) Small & St. John, leafy elodea, dense waterweed, Brazilian elodea

Taxonomy: available through www.itis.govITIS logo

Identification: Egeria densa is a dioecious, submersed perennial found in lentic and lotic freshwater systems. Only male plants are found in the U.S. and in its native range male plants outnumber female plants by as much as 6:1 (Cook and Urmi-König 1984). Leaves and stems are generally bright green (often dark green when below the surface), and the short internodes give it a very leafy appearance. Leaves which are minutely serrated (needing magnification) and linear, are 1-3 cm long, up to 5mm broad, and found in whorls of four to eight. The lowest leaves may be opposite or in whorls of 3; middle and upper leaves are in whorls of 4 to 8. Stems are erect, cylindrical, simple or branched, and grow until they reach the surface of the water where they form dense mats. Flowers (18-25 mm diameter) have three petals which are white and float on or rise just above the water's surface on a slender peduncle. Slender roots are unbranched and typically a white to pale color. Adventitious roots are freely produced from double nodes on the stem (Washington State Department of Ecology 2003). It can be distinguished from Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle by the absence of turions (dormant buds from above ground stems) and tubers (dormant buds from below ground stems), and by the presence of showy white flowers that are produced above the water surface (Hoshovsky and Anderson 2001). It is usually rooted in the bottom mud, but can be found as a free-floating mat or as fragments with stems near the surface of the water.

Size: 3-5 m long, up to 8 cm diameter (Cook and Urmi-König 1984).

Native Range: South America (central Minas Gerais region of Brazil, coast of Argentina, and coast of Uruguay) (Cook and Urmi-König 1984)

Hydrologic Unit Codes (HUCs) Explained
Interactive maps: Point Distribution Maps

Nonindigenous Occurrences:

Table 1. States with nonindigenous occurrences, the earliest and latest observations in each state, and the tally and names of HUCs with observations†. Names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records. The list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of Egeria densa are found here.

StateFirst ObservedLast ObservedTotal HUCs with observations†HUCs with observations†
AL1941202210Apalachicola; Coosa-Tallapoosa; Guntersville Lake; Lower Chattahoochee; Mobile-Tensaw; Pickwick Lake; Upper Alabama; Upper Black Warrior; Upper Choctawhatchee; Wheeler Lake
AZ194319844Lower Colorado Region; Rillito; Upper San Pedro; Upper Santa Cruz
AR197420227Beaver Reservoir; Lake Conway-Point Remove; Lower Arkansas-Maumelle; Lower Sulpher; Ouachita Headwaters; Upper Ouachita; Upper Saline
CA1935202437Big Chico Creek-Sacramento River; Big-Navarro-Garcia; Central California Coastal; Clear Creek-Sacramento River; Crowley Lake; Honcut Headwaters-Lower Feather; Lower American; Lower Pit; Lower Sacramento; Mad-Redwood; Middle Kern-Upper Tehachapi-Grapevine; Middle San Joaquin-Lower Chowchilla; Monterey Bay; North Fork American; Owens Lake; Paynes Creek-Sacramento River; Russian; Sacramento-Stone Corral; Salton Sea; San Diego; San Francisco Bay; San Francisco Bay; San Jacinto; San Joaquin; San Joaquin Delta; San Pablo Bay; Suisun Bay; Tomales-Drake Bays; Upper Coon-Upper Auburn; Upper Cosumnes; Upper Dry; Upper Kern; Upper Klamath; Upper Merced; Upper Mokelumne; Upper Stanislaus; Upper Tuolumne
CO198419841Big Sandy
CT199220203Outlet Connecticut River; Quinnipiac; Saugatuck
DE194120225Brandywine-Christina; Broadkill-Smyrna; Chincoteague; Choptank; Nanticoke
FL1937201725Apalachee Bay-St. Marks; Apalachicola; Aucilla; Blackwater; Caloosahatchee; Chipola; Crystal-Pithlachascotee; Florida Southeast Coast; Hillsborough; Kissimmee; Lake Okeechobee; Lower Ochlockonee; Lower St. Johns; Lower Suwannee; Nassau; Oklawaha; Peace; Santa Fe; South Atlantic-Gulf Region; Southern Florida; St. Andrew-St. Joseph Bays; St. Marys; Tampa Bay; Upper St. Johns; Withlacoochee
GA1972202412Hiwassee; Lower Chattahoochee; Lower Flint; Middle Chattahoochee-Lake Harding; Middle Chattahoochee-Walter F; Middle Savannah; Middle Tennessee-Chickamauga; Ocoee; Spring; Upper Chattahoochee; Upper Ocmulgee; Withlacoochee
GU196219621Guam
HI193720094Hawaii; Kauai; Maui; Oahu
ID200720082Lower Boise; Palouse
IL1978201813Big Muddy; Cache; Des Plaines; Lower Fox; Lower Ohio; Lower Ohio-Bay; Lower Wabash; Saline; Skillet; Sugar; Upper Fox; Upper Mississippi-Cape Girardeau; Wabash
IN200320042Blue-Sinking; Lower White
IA201720171South Skunk
KS197319841Lower Kansas, Kansas
KY198620124Lower Levisa; Lower Ohio-Salt; North Fork Kentucky; Upper Cumberland
LA1960199316Atchafalaya - Vermilion; Bayou Teche; Black Lake Bayou; Castor; Central Louisiana Coastal; East Central Louisiana Coastal; Eastern Louisiana Coastal; Lake Maurepas; Louisiana Coastal; Lower Mississippi Region; Lower Ouachita; Lower Ouachita; Lower Red-Ouachita; Red-Sulphur; Vermilion; West Central Louisiana Coastal
MD193820217Chester-Sassafras; Choptank; Gunpowder-Patapsco; Middle Potomac-Anacostia-Occoquan; Middle Potomac-Catoctin; Patuxent; Tangier
MA193920232Charles; Narragansett
MN200720071Twin Cities
MS196720103Lower Pearl; Mississippi Coastal; Upper Leaf
MO197020145Cahokia-Joachim; Eleven Point; Little Chariton; Sac; Upper Mississippi-Cape Girardeau
NE197719841Missouri Region
NH200120011Merrimack River
NJ199020216Hackensack-Passaic; Lower Hudson; Middle Delaware-Musconetcong; Mullica-Toms; Raritan; Sandy Hook-Staten Island
NM196119961Upper Gila
NY189320248Hackensack-Passaic; Long Island; Lower Hudson; Middle Delaware-Mongaup-Brodhead; Middle Hudson; Northern Long Island; Rondout; Southern Long Island
NC1968201913Albemarle; Albemarle-Chowan; Cape Fear; Middle Roanoke; Neuse; New River; Northeast Cape Fear; Pamlico; Roanoke Rapids; South Atlantic-Gulf Region; Upper Broad; Upper Catawba; Upper Neuse
OH199020234Ashtabula-Chagrin; Black-Rocky; Hocking; Little Miami
OK196920206Arkansas-White-Red Region; Cache; Mountain Fork; Red-Little; Red-Washita; West Cache
OR1934202322Alsea; Clackamas; Coast Fork Willamette; Coos; Lower Columbia; Lower Columbia; Lower Columbia-Clatskanie; Lower Willamette; Middle Columbia-Hood; Middle Willamette; Necanicum; Oregon-Washington Coastal; Pacific Northwest; Pacific Northwest Region; Siletz-Yaquina; Siltcoos; Siuslaw; Sixes; South Santiam; Tualatin; Upper Willamette; Willamette
PA191720234Crosswicks-Neshaminy; Lower Delaware; Raystown; Schuylkill
PR198219833Cibuco-Guajataca; Eastern Puerto Rico; Puerto Rico
RI200920092Pawcatuck River; Quinebaug River
SC1936202313Congaree; Cooper; Enoree; Lake Marion; Middle Savannah; Saluda; Santee; Santee; Tyger; Upper Broad; Upper Savannah; Waccamaw; Wateree
TN1946202210Buffalo; Caney; Holston; Lower Cumberland-Sycamore; Lower French Broad; Middle Tennessee-Chickamauga; South Fork Forked Deer; Upper Duck; Upper Elk; Watts Bar Lake
TX1949202314Austin-Travis Lakes; Caddo Lake; Denton; East Fork Trinity; Lake O'the Pines; Lower Angelina; Lower Brazos; Lower Neches; Lower West Fork Trinity; Middle Sabine; San Gabriel; San Marcos; Toledo Bend Reservoir; West Fork San Jacinto
UT198419851Fremont
VT191319131West River-Connecticut River
VA1946202313Albemarle-Chowan; Appomattox; French Broad-Holston; James; Lower James; Lower Potomac; Lower Rappahannock; Middle New; Middle Potomac-Anacostia-Occoquan; Nottoway; Roanoke; Roanoke Rapids; Upper Roanoke
WA1977202418Duwamish; Grays Harbor; Hood Canal; Lake Washington; Lower Chehalis; Lower Columbia; Lower Columbia-Clatskanie; Lower Columbia-Sandy; Lower Cowlitz; Lower Skagit; Nisqually; Puget Sound; Puget Sound; San Juan Islands; Snohomish; Strait of Georgia; Upper Chehalis; Willapa Bay
WV201520151Tygart Valley

Table last updated 12/7/2024

† Populations may not be currently present.


Ecology: Egeria densa is an aquatic plant in the waterweed family that inhabits mild to warm freshwaters, such as slow flowing streams of warm, temperate, and tropical regions (Parsons and Cuthbertson 2001). It occurs at depths as deep as 7 m. It grows in thick mats of intertwining stems (Parsons and Cuthbertson 2001), which alter the light and nutrients available to the biota where it occurs (Yarrow et al. 2009), acting as an ecosystem engineer (Jones et al. 1994). 

Egeria densa can inhabit waters with a wide range of temperatures, low CO2 levels, and low light levels. This species can survive in waters with temperatures of 3-35°C (Yarrow et al. 2009). The plant can overwinter as seeds (although female plants are not found in the U.S.), dormant shoots, or semi-dormant shoots until temperatures rise above 15°C (Parsons and Cuthbertson 2001). Egeria densa exhibits the C4 pathway and utilizes HCO3-; thus it is able to photosynthesize in waters with low CO2 levels (Casati et al. 2000). Egeria densa can tolerate high phosphorous levels, but is susceptible to iron deficiency (Parsons and Cuthbertson 2001).

This species has a low light requirement and can thrive in turbid environments (Parsons and Cuthbertson 2001). Optimal light intensity is about 100 lux. Egeria densa cannot tolerate high light intensities or high levels of ultra-violet and blue light, as it experiences chlorophyll damage to light levels of 1250 lux. Egeria densa cannot tolerate high UV-B radiation, as it can damage the enzymes involved in photosynthesis and can reduce photosynthetic capacity (Casati et al. 2002).

Flowers float above the water surface and are pollinated by insects (Parsons and Cuthbertson 2001). It reproduces asexually in Australia (Parsons and Cuthbertson 2001) and in the U.S. (Hoshovsky and Anderson 2001), where only the male plant has established. Egeria densa is capable of vegetative fragmentation; stems of at least two nodes can break off from the parent colony and disperse by stream flow (Parsons and Cuthberson 2001). Stem fragments that break off can take root in bottom mud or grow as free-floating mats (Hoshovsky and Anderson 2001). Fragmentation can occur as a result of the mechanical shearing of water flows, wave action, waterfowl activity, and boating.

Means of Introduction: Introduced world-wide through the aquarium trade - sold widely as good "oxygenator" plant and dispersed secondarily by boat trailers and vegetative dispersal downstream.  

This species may be transported by hitchhiking on recreational gear; E. densa grows in thick mats that can become entangled on boat propellers and trailer wheels, or can be captured in bilge water (Washington State Department of Ecology 2013). Attached fragments can be transported between water bodies. Egeria densa is not known to be taken up in ballast water. As a popular ornamental plant, E. densa is planted in water gardens (Indiana Department of Natural Resources 2013), however, there is not enough information available to determine the frequency of E. densa plantings.

Status: Established in all states listed above.

Impact of Introduction:
Summary of species impacts derived from literature review. Click on an icon to find out more...

EcologicalEconomicHuman HealthOther




Dense stands of E. densa may restrict water movement, trap sediment, and cause fluctuations in water quality (Hoshovsky and Anderson 2001; Parsons and Cuthbertson 2001). Severe infestations may impair recreational uses of a water body including navigation, fishing, swimming, and water skiing.  In Brazil, E. densa (as well as E. najas, Ceratophyllum demersum, and Eichhornia crassipes) have severely infested hydropower reservoirs. It was estimated that 48,000 cubic meters of aquatic weeds were removed from water intake structures in Jupia Reservoir (Marcondes et al. 2000). 

Remarks: Egeria densa can be detected using digital imagery, though this ability is highly specialized and pertains to populations near the water surface (Mandvikar and Liu 2004; Jenifer Parsons, WA Dept. of Ecology, pers. comm.). It is often sold in the name “Anachris” and is advertised to aquarium customers as an oxygenator. It is on Oregon’s and Washington’s quarantine lists as Class B noxious weeds, thus illegal to sell or ship to those states (Hamel and Parsons 2001; ODA 2015; WDA 2015).

Nonindigenous E. densa populations in Río Cruces, Chile have similar genotypes as populations in Western Oregon, suggesting that the two populations experienced similar bottlenecking events at introduction, or there is a lack of genetic diversity in the native population (Carter and Sytsma 2001).

References: (click for full references)

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Author: Pfingsten, I.A., D.D. Thayer, V.H. Morgan, and J. Li

Revision Date: 8/8/2024

Peer Review Date: 4/4/2016

Citation Information:
Pfingsten, I.A., D.D. Thayer, V.H. Morgan, and J. Li, 2024, Egeria densa Planch.: U.S. Geological Survey, Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL, https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=1107, Revision Date: 8/8/2024, Peer Review Date: 4/4/2016, Access Date: 12/7/2024

This information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision. It is being provided to meet the need for timely best science. The information has not received final approval by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and is provided on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information.

Disclaimer:

The data represented on this site vary in accuracy, scale, completeness, extent of coverage and origin. It is the user's responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations. We highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data.

Citation information: U.S. Geological Survey. [2024]. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. Gainesville, Florida. Accessed [12/7/2024].

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