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The Nonindigenous Occurrences section of the NAS species profiles has a new structure. The section is now dynamically updated from the NAS database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information. Occurrences are summarized in Table 1, alphabetically by state, with years of earliest and most recent observations, and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed. The table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states, years, and drainages selected. References to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the Table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables.

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Common name: an entoproct

Taxonomy: available through www.itis.gov

Identification: There has been much debate over the correct taxonomy of entoprocts. Presented are some of the taxonomic schemes in recent and current use:

• Phylum: Entoprocta; Order: Pedicellinida; Family: Pedicellinidae (ITIS Database1998).
• Phylum: Entoprocta; Order: Pedicellinida; Family; Barentsiidae (Hayward and Ryland 1995).
• Phylum: Entoprocta; Order: Coloniales; Family: Barentsiidae (Kozolf and Price 1996).

On various substrates most likely to be encountered (if present) on piers and harbors pilings in sheltered bays and estuaries usually in brackish water. Tolerant of pollution and eurihalIne. Colonial zooiods arising from a creeping growth though sometimes rising from stalks. Stalks 5-10 nodes usually but 25 has been recorded the calyx has 14-20 tentacles (Hayward and Ryland 1995:286-288)

Size: Zooiods up to 10 mm tall.

Native Range: Northwest Europe, in eurihaline sheltered waters (Hayward and Ryland 1995:286-288).

Alaska	Hawaii	Puerto Rico & Virgin Islands	Guam Saipan

Hydrologic Unit Codes (HUCs) Explained
Interactive maps: Point Distribution Maps

Means of Introduction: Ballast water or ship fouling.

Status: Established in locations above.

Impact of Introduction: The impacts of this species are currently unknown, as no studies have been done to determine how it has affected ecosystems in the invaded range. The absence of data does not equate to lack of effects. It does, however, mean that research is required to evaluate effects before conclusions can be made.

Remarks: Tolerant of pollution (Hayward and Ryland 1995).

References: (click for full references)

Cohen, A. N. and J.T. Carlton. 1995. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in a United States Estuary: A Case Study of the Biological Invasions of the San Francisco Bay and Delta. A Report for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. and The National Sea Grant College Program Connecticut Sea Grant Program. 272 pp.

Hayward, P.J. and J.S. Ryland. 1995. Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe. Oxford University Press Inc., New York.

ITIS Database. Integrated Taxonomic Information System Database. Last updated: 3 July 1998; Barentsia benedeni, page accessed 16 December 1999.

Jebram, D. and B. Everitt. 1982. New victorellids (Bryozoa, Ctenostomata) from North America: the use of parallel cultures in bryozoan taxonomy. Bio. Bull. 163:172-187.

Kozloff, E.N. and L.H. Price.1996. Marine Invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest with additions and corrections. University of Washington Press, Seattle.

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. 1998. Chesapeake Bay Nonindigenous Species List. Last updated 10 October 1999; page accessed 16 December 1999.

Author: Danny O'Connell, and Pam Fuller

This information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision. It is being provided to meet the need for timely best science. The information has not received final approval by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and is provided on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information.