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Cut-and-Paste Reference:
Holopainen, I.J., and H. Hyvaerinen. 1983. Ecology and physiology of crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.) in small Finnish ponds with anoxic conditions in winter. Verhandlungen. Internationale Vereiningung fur theoretische und angewandte Limnology 22(4):2566-2570.
Reference Details:
Reference Number: 15171
Type: Journal Article
Author: Holopainen, I.J., and H. Hyvaerinen
Date (year): 1983
Article Title:Ecology and physiology of crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.) in small Finnish ponds with anoxic conditions in winter.
Journal Name: Verhandlungen. Internationale Vereiningung fur theoretische und angewandte Limnology
Volume: 22
Issue: 4
Pages: 2566-2570
URL:
Keywords: Carassius carassius, crucian carp, Finland, Finnish, ponds, physiology, anoxic
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Citation information: U.S. Geological Survey. [2026]. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. Gainesville, Florida. Accessed [1/17/2026].

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