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Cut-and-Paste Reference:
Harper, L. N. P. Griffiths, L. Lawson Handley, C. D. Sayer, D. S. Read, K. J. Harper, et al. 2019. Development and application of environmental DNA surveillance for the threatened crucian carp (Carassius carassius). Freshwater Biology 64(1):93-107. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13197.
Reference Details:
Reference Number: 45641
Type: Journal Article
Author: Harper, L. N. P. Griffiths, L. Lawson Handley, C. D. Sayer, D. S. Read, K. J. Harper, et al.
Date (year): 2019
Article Title:Development and application of environmental DNA surveillance for the threatened crucian carp (Carassius carassius)
Journal Name: Freshwater Biology
Volume: 64
Issue: 1
Pages: 93-107
URL:
Keywords: crucian carp, Carassius carassius, detection probability, environmental DNA, ponds, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)
DOI: 10.1111/fwb.13197
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Citation information: U.S. Geological Survey. [2026]. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. Gainesville, Florida. Accessed [1/22/2026].

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