Disclaimer:

The Nonindigenous Occurrences section of the NAS species profiles has a new structure. The section is now dynamically updated from the NAS database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information. Occurrences are summarized in Table 1, alphabetically by state, with years of earliest and most recent observations, and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed. The table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states, years, and drainages selected. References to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the Table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables.




Oncorhynchus kisutch
Oncorhynchus kisutch
(Coho Salmon)
Fishes
Native Transplant

Copyright Info
Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792)

Common name: Coho Salmon

Synonyms and Other Names: silver salmon

Taxonomy: available through www.itis.govITIS logo

Identification: Moyle (1976a); Scott and Crossman (1973); Wydoski and Whitney (1979); Morrow (1980); Eschmeyer et al. (1983); Page and Burr (1991). Dark dorsal side, bluish to greenish. Sides grayish or whitish with dark spots towards dorsal side. Faint horizontal darker stripe near where spots end. Spawning males and females take on a pinkish to reddish tone along their usually bland sides.

Size: 98 cm

Native Range: Arctic and Pacific drainages from Point Hope, Alaska, to Monterey Bay, California, infrequently as far south as Chamalu Bay, Baja California. Also in northeastern Asia (Page and Burr 1991).

Native range data for this species provided in part by NatureServe NS logo
Hydrologic Unit Codes (HUCs) Explained
Interactive maps: Point Distribution Maps

Nonindigenous Occurrences:

Table 1. States with nonindigenous occurrences, the earliest and latest observations in each state, and the tally and names of HUCs with observations†. Names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records. The list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of Oncorhynchus kisutch are found here.

StateFirst ObservedLast ObservedTotal HUCs with observations†HUCs with observations†
AK198019801Alaska Region
AZ196719734Havasu-Mohave Lakes; Lake Mead; Lower Colorado; Lower Colorado Region
CA193419807California Region; Lower Pit; Sacramento Headwaters; Salton Sea; Upper Pit; Upper Putah; Upper Yuba
CO190519823Colorado Headwaters; Upper Gunnison; Upper San Juan
CT196819963Housatonic; Outlet Connecticut River; Thames
DE198519851Broadkill-Smyrna
ID1968201123Big Lost; Big Wood; Blackfoot; Boise-Mores; C.J. Strike Reservoir; Camas; Clearwater; Coeur d'Alene Lake; Goose; Little Wood; Lower North Fork Clearwater; North Fork Payette; Palisades; Portneuf; Raft; Salmon Falls; South Fork Boise; South Fork Clearwater; South Fork Payette; Upper Henrys; Upper Snake-Rock; Upper Spokane; Willow
IL196720123Chicago; Lake Michigan; Pike-Root
IN196819992Lake Michigan; Little Calumet-Galien
IA198719871Little Sioux
KY198119862Middle Ohio-Laughery; Ohio Brush-Whiteoak
ME1905198610Aroostook River; Lower Kennebec River; Maine Coastal; New England Region; Passamaquoddy Bay-Bay of Fundy; Penobscot River; Piscataquis River; Saco River; Saint Croix River; St. George-Sheepscot
MD198019801Chincoteague
MA198619922Charles; Winnipesaukee River
MI1965200613Au Gres-Rifle; Betsie-Platte; Betsy-Chocolay; Fishdam-Sturgeon; Huron; Lake Huron; Lake Michigan; Lake St. Clair; Lake Superior; Manistee; Ontonagon; Pere Marquette-White; St. Clair
MN196520013Baptism-Brule; Beaver-Lester; Lake Superior
MT191719857Blackfoot; Clarks Fork Yellowstone; Flathead Lake; Flint-Rock; Fort Peck Reservoir; Red Rock; Upper Missouri-Dearborn
NE197119743Lower North Platte; Missouri Region; Snake
NV196720013Havasu-Mohave Lakes; Lake Mead; Pyramid-Winnemucca Lakes
NH196919841Piscataqua-Salmon Falls
NM199019906Canadian Headwaters; Cimarron; Rio Chama; Rio San Jose; Upper Canadian; Upper San Juan
NY196819864Cattaraugus; Lake Ontario; Salmon-Sandy; Upper Susquehanna
ND197819941Painted Woods-Square Butte
OH187619954Black-Rocky; Lake Erie; Ohio Brush-Whiteoak; Upper Scioto
OR197319801Pacific Northwest Region
PA196720003Allegheny; Lake Erie; Upper Susquehanna-Lackawanna
SD197419942Fort Randall Reservoir; Missouri Region
TN196419702Caney; Watauga, North Carolina, Tennessee
TX197419921Buchanan-Lyndon B. Johnson Lakes
UT192519271Utah Lake
VA196919942Upper Dan; Upper Roanoke
WA197019974Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake; Lewis; Lower Cowlitz; Pacific Northwest Region
WV193519351Potomac
WI1968201317Bad-Montreal; Beartrap-Nemadji; Door-Kewaunee; Flambeau; Lake Michigan; Lake Superior; Lower Fox; Manitowoc-Sheboygan; Menominee; Middle Rock; Milwaukee; Namekagon; Oconto; Peshtigo; Pike-Root; Upper Chippewa; Upper Wisconsin
WY195019703Clarks Fork Yellowstone; Middle North Platte-Casper; Popo Agie

Table last updated 12/3/2024

† Populations may not be currently present.


Ecology: Once stocked in the Great Lakes, coho salmon grow rapidly, feeding mainly on alewife and smelt.  After less than two years in the lake they mature and begin their autumn spawning migration to the streams in which they were planted.  At this time in their life they become darker colored and the male develops a hooked jaw and a slightly humped back.  Eggs for the hatcheries are collected during the  upstream migration because there is no natural reproduction of cohos in the Lake Michigan tributaries of Wisconsin.  Thus, the stocking program is essential to maintain the salmon fishing in Lake Michigan. Great Lakes coho migrate from their natal river in search of food and due to changes in temperature. Warmer temperatures drive the fish to the deeper cooler areas of lakes, and feeding fish are also located there.

Means of Introduction: Introductions of coho salmon as sport fish began as early as the 1920s. The coho was introduced into the Great Lakes to control the alewife population (Eddy and Underhill 1974). The first stocking in the Great Lakes was in Lake Erie in 1933 by the Ohio Division of Conservation (Parsons 1973). The first large planting in the Great Lakes occurred in 1966 in Lakes Michigan and Superior. The species had been stocked in all the Great Lakes by 1970 (Parsons 1973). A total of 16 million fish had been stocked in the Great Lakes between 1966 and 1970 (Parsons 1973). Fish intentionally stocked into coastal New Hampshire in the late 1960s dispersed to Maine and Massachusetts (Stolte 1974). It was introduced into the Colorado River in 1967 (Rinne 1995). Colorado first began stocking cohos in the early 1900s (Everhart and Seaman 1971). Originally, the stock used for Colorado came from Oregon; more recently stock from Lake Michigan has been used (Everhart and Seaman 1971). Introduced into Connecticut since the late 1800s (Whitworth 1996). Most attempts to establish populations failed; therefore, stocking was discontinued.

Status: Some reproduction reported in Lake Erie, Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, Manistee River in Michigan, coastal waters of New Hampshire, Maine, and Massachusetts, Salmon River in New York, and Colorado River in Arizona. Stockings in Tennessee failed. Rinne (1994) lists coho salmon as not established in the Colorado River in Arizona. The first evidence of reproduction in the Great Lakes came in 1968 from tributaries of Lakes Michigan and Superior (Parsons 1973). Natural reproduction in Lake Michigan and Lake Superior have resulted in localized self-sustaining populations (Downs et al. 2002). There are no known established populations in Connecticut (Whitworth 1996) or Delaware (Raasch and Altemus 1991). Coho salmon are no longer stocked in Lake Erie, although strays from the other Great Lakes can still be caught occasionally (ODNR 2007).

Impact of Introduction: Coho salmon compete with native lake trout Salvelinus namaycush (Page and Laird 1993). Fausch and White (1986) found that coho salmon may compete with brook trout S. fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta for food and space in the Great Lakes if resources become scarce. Coho have an advantage over brook and brown trout because of an earlier emergence and a larger size at emergence (Fausch and White 1986).

Remarks: Coho salmon has not been stocked in Oklahoma (Pigg, personal communication). Parsons (1973) gave detailed stocking information for the Great Lakes.

Voucher specimens: Montana (USNM 104701).

References: (click for full references)

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Becker, G.C. 1983. Fishes of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI.

Bence, J.R., and K.D. Smith. 1999. An overview of recreational fisheries of the Great Lakes. In Taylor, W.W., and C.P. Ferreri (Eds.), Great Lakes Fisheries Policy and Management: A Binational Perspective. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, MI, pp. 259-306.

Bond, C.E. 1973. Keys to Oregon Freshwater Fishes. Oregon State University Agriculture Experimental Station Technical Bulletin 58:1-42, revised.

Bond, C.E. 1994. Keys to Oregon Freshwater Fishes. Oregon State University Bookstores, Inc., Corvallis. 58:1-42, revised.

Brown, R.W., M. Ebener, and T. Gorenflo. 1999. Great Lakes commercial fisheries: historical overview and prognosis for the future. In Great Lakes Fisheries Policy and Management: A Binational Perspective. Taylor, W.W., and C.P. Ferreri (Eds.). Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, MI, pp. 307-354.

Burr, B. M. 1991. The fishes of Illinois: an overview of a dynamic fauna. Proceedings of our living heritage symposium. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 34(4):417-427.

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Burr, B.M., and M.L. Warren, Jr. 1986. A distributional atlas of Kentucky fishes. Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission Scientific and Technical Series 4. 398 pp.

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Cross, F.B., R.L. Mayden, and J.D. Stewart. 1986. Fishes in the western Mississippi drainage. Pages 363-412 in C.H. Hocutt, and E.O. Wiley, editors. The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.

Crawford, S.S. 2001. Salmonine introductions to the Laurentian Great Lakes: an historical review and evaluation of ecological effects. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 132. 205 pp.

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Eddy, S., and J.C. Underhill. 1974. Northern fishes, with special reference to the Upper Mississippi Valley, 3rd edition. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN.

Emery, L. 1985. Review of fish introduced into the Great Lakes, 1819-1974. Great Lakes Fishery Commission Technical Report, volume 45. 31 pp.

Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald, and H. Hamann. 1983. A Field Guide to Pacific Coast Fishes of North America. Peterson Field Guide Series. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, MA.

Etnier, D.A., and W.C. Starnes. 1993. The Fishes of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN.

Everhart, W.H., and W.R. Seaman. 1971. Fishes of Colorado. Colorado Game, Fish and Parks Division, Denver, CO. 75 pp.

Everhart, W.H. 1976. Fishes of Maine. Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife. Augusta, ME. 96 pp.

Fausch, K.D., and R.J. White. 1986. Competition among juveniles of coho salmon, brook trout, and brown trout in a laboratory stream, and implications for Great Lakes tributaries. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 115(3):363-381.

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Harlan, J.R., E.B. Speaker, and J. Mayhew. 1987. Iowa fish and fishing. Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, IA. 323 pp.

Hartel, K.E. 1992. Non-native fishes known from Massachusetts freshwaters. Occasional Reports of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Fish Department, Cambridge, MA. 2. September. pp. 1-9.

Hartel, K.E., D.B. Halliwell, and A.E. Launer. 1996. An annotated working list of the inland fishes of Massachusetts, University of Massachusetts, Cambridge, MA (Available from http://www.mcz.harvard.edu/fish/ma_fam.htm. Page accessed March 5, 1998).

Hildebrande, S.G. 1971. The effect of coho spawning on the benthic invertebrates of the Platte River, Benzie County, Michigan. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 100:61-68.

Hocutt, C.H., R.E. Jenkins, and J.R. Stauffer, Jr. 1986. Zoogeography of the fishes of the central Appalachians and central Atlantic Coastal Plain. Pages 161-212 in C.H. Hocutt, and E.O. Wiley, editors. The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.

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Idaho Fish and Game. 1990. Fisheries Management Plan 1991-1995. Idaho Department of Fish and Game.

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Insider Viewpoint. 2001. Fishing Records – Nevada. Insider Viewpoint Magazine. 3 pp.

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Kendall, W.C. 1914. An annotated catalogue of the fishes of Maine. Proceedings of the Portland Society of Natural History 3:1-198.

Kendall, W.C. 1914. The Fishes of New England. The Salmon Family. Part I - the trout or charrs. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History 8(1). 103 pp + plates.

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Moyle, P.B. 1976a. Inland Fishes of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

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Page, L.M., and B.M. Burr. 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. The Peterson Field Guide Series, volume 42. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, MA.

Page, L.M., and C.A. Laird. 1993. The identification of the nonnative fishes inhabiting Illinois waters. Report prepared by Center for Biodiversity, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, for Illinois Department of Conservation, Springfield. Center for Biodiversity Technical Report 1993(4). 39 pp.

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Parsons, J.W. 1973. History of salmon in the Great Lakes, 1850-1970. U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Technical Paper 68. 80 pp.

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Raasch, M.S., and V.L. Altemus, Sr. 1991. Delaware's freshwater and brackish water fishes - a popular account. Delaware State College for the Study of Del-Mar-Va Habitats and the Society of Natural History of Delaware. 166 pp.

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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 3 Fisheries Program, and Great Lakes Fishery Commission (USFWS/GLFC). 2010. Great Lakes Fish Stocking database. Available: http://www.glfc.org/fishstocking/index.htm

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Walker, B.W., R.R. Whitney, and G.W. Barlow. 1961. Fishes of the Salton Sea. Pages 77-92 in B.W. Walker, editor. The ecology of the Salton Sea, California, in relation to the sport fishery of California. Fish Bulletin of the California Department of Fish and Game 113.

Wiltzius, W.J. 1985. Fish culture and stocking in Colorado, 1872-1978. Division Report 12. Colorado Division of Wildlife.

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Wydoski, R.S., and R.R. Whitney. 1979. Inland Fishes of Washington. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA.

Other Resources:
Distribution in Illinois - Illinois Natural History Survey

Fishes of Wisconsin (Becker) - Wisconsin Sea Grant

Great Lakes Waterlife

FishBase Summary

Author: Fuller, P., J. Larson, and A. Fusaro

Revision Date: 12/20/2019

Peer Review Date: 6/26/2014

Citation Information:
Fuller, P., J. Larson, and A. Fusaro, 2024, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792): U.S. Geological Survey, Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL, https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=908, Revision Date: 12/20/2019, Peer Review Date: 6/26/2014, Access Date: 12/3/2024

This information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision. It is being provided to meet the need for timely best science. The information has not received final approval by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and is provided on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information.

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The data represented on this site vary in accuracy, scale, completeness, extent of coverage and origin. It is the user's responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations. We highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data.

Citation information: U.S. Geological Survey. [2024]. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. Gainesville, Florida. Accessed [12/3/2024].

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