Identification: Body is deep with moderately elevated dorsal and anal fins. Protruding snout with mottled dark lines anteriorly. Rich blue in body coloration with bright yellow and slightly rounded caudal fin. Pectoral fins bright yellow towards posterior. Dark spots on abdomen, anterior body, and head. Velvet-like path setae anterior of caudal spine. Dark thin banding extend from anterior to posterior. Dorsal fin V (24-25), anal fin III (19-20) pectoral fin (15). From Randall (1983). Similar species: Juvenile blue tang (Acanthurus coeruleus) rarely show blue body with yellow tail and lacks yellow coloration on pectoral fins. Juvenile yellowtail damselfish (Microspathodon chrysurus) has bright blue body spots and a less-protruding mouth.
Table 1. States with nonindigenous occurrences, the earliest and latest observations in each state, and the tally and names of HUCs with observations†. Names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records. The list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of Zebrasoma xanthurum are found here.
Table last updated 3/30/2025
† Populations may not be currently present.
References: (click for full references)
Guiasu, R. C. and R. Winterbottom. 1998. Yellow juvenile color pattern, diet switching and the phylogeny of the surgeonfish genus
Zebrasoma (Percomorpha, Acanthuridae). Bulletin of Marine Science 63: 277-294.
Guidetti, P., Magnali, L., & Navone, A. (2016). First record of the acanthurid fish Zebrasoma xanthurum (Blyth, 1852) in the Mediterranean Sea, with some considerations on the risk associated with aquarium trade. Mediterranean Marine Science 17(1): 147-151.
Lieske, E. and R. Myers. 1994. Collins Pocket Guide. Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. Haper Collins Publishers.
Mill, A. C., J. K. Pinnegar and N. V. C. Polunin. 2007. Explaining isotope trophic-step fractionation: why herbivorous fish are different. Functional Ecology 21: 1137-1145.
Randall, J. E. 1983. Red Sea Fishes. IMMEL Publishing, London.
Randall, J. E. and C. Anderson. 1993. Annotated checklist of the epipelagic and shore fishes of the Maldives Islands. Ichthyogical Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology 59: 1-47.
Reef Environmental Education Foundation (REEF). 2008. Exotic species sighting programs and volunteer database. World wide web electronic publication. www.reef.org, date of download March 10, 2008.
Robertson, D. R. 1983. On the spawning behavior and spawning cycles of eight surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) from the Indo-Pacific. Environmental Biology of Fishes 9: 193-223
Sommer, C., W. Schneider and J.M. Poutiers. 1996. The living marine resources of Somalia. FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. FAO, Rome.
This information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision. It is being provided to meet the need for timely best science. The information has not received final approval by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and is provided on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information.