Reference List

This list includes references used to derive specimen records as well as those with scientific name Oncorhynchus mykiss listed in key words.

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REFTypeCut-and-Paste Reference
29958 Web Page Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2017. Steelhead / Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=steelhead.main. Accessed on 05/31/2017.
42618 Journal Article Al-Hussinee, L., P. Huber, S. Russell, V. LePage, A. Reid, K.M. Young, E. Nagy, R.M.W. Stevenson, and J.S. Lumsden. 2010. Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus IVb experimental infection of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), and fathead minnow, Pimphales promelas (Rafinesque). Journal of Fish Diseases 33(4):347-360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01128.x.
34634 Journal Article Andersen, N.G., E. Lorenzen, T.S. Boutrup, P.J. Hansen, and N. Lorenzen. 2016. Sublethal concentrations of ichthyotoxic alga Prymnesium parvum affect rainbow trout susceptibility to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 117(3):187-195. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02946.
38412 News Anonymous. 1989. USDA panel approves Auburn fish proposal, lawsuits likely. Washington Aquafarm Letter. Washington DC, US. 6 (4).
28378 Web Page Arizona Game and Fish Department. 2014. 2014 stocking schedule for community fishing program waters. http://www.azgfd.gov/pdfs/h_f/fishing/stocking/TroutStockingSchedule.pdf. Created on 09/16/2014. Accessed on 01/28/2016.
46326 Journal Article Baker, S.M. and S.M. Sammons. 2021. Persistence and dispersal of stocked rainbow trout in an Alabama tailwater. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 41(3):820-833. https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10602.
26470 Journal Article Balon, E.K. 2004. About the oldest domesticates among fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 65(A):1-27. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00563.x.
16662 Journal Article Benjamin, J.R., J.B. Dunham, and M.R. Dare. 2007. Invasion by nonnative brook trout in Panther Creek, Idaho: roles of local habitat quality, biotic resistance and connectivity to source habitats. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 136(4):875-888.
37772 Journal Article Bilby, R.E., B.R. Fransen, P.A. Bisson, and J.K. Walter. 1998. Response of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to the addition of salmon carcasses to two streams in southwestern Washington, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55(8):8. https://doi.org/10.1139/f98-094.
46257 Journal Article Bloomfield, E.J. and T.B. Johnson. 2025. Long-term convergence of salmonid isotopic niche in Lake Ontario. Journal of Great Lakes Research 51(3):102572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102572.
34233 Journal Article Bodis, E., P. Borza, I. Potyo, M. Puky, A. Weiperth, and G. Guti. 2012. Invasive mollusc, crustacean, fish and reptile species along the Hungarian stretch of the River Danube and some connected waters. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 58(Suppl):29-45.
44946 Journal Article Bonino, A., D. Miloch, J. Nori, G.C. Leynaud, and J.N. Lescano. 2023. Landscape attributes explain co-occurrence between an endemic amphibian and alien trout in mountainous streams of Córdoba (Argentina). Biological Invasions 25:3793-3803. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-023-03135-y.
44812 Journal Article Bourret, S.L., J.M. Janak, T.J. Linley, M.K. Nims, and G.A. McMichael. 2023. Inadvertent hatchery rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss discovered in native westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi habitat: a cautionary tale. Fisheries 48(11):453-464. https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fsh.10985.
14766 Journal Article Bradford, D.F., F. Tabatabai, and D.M. Graber. 1993. Isolation of Remaining Populations of the Native Frog, Rana muscosa, by Introduced Fishes in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California. Conservation Biology 7(4):882-888.
46293 Journal Article Burgad, A.A., B.R. Kesner, and P.C. Marsh. 2023. Long-term patterns of fish community structure and decline in native species in a Colorado River reservoir, Arizona and Nevada. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 152(6):760-771. https://doi.org/10.1002/tafs.10437.
46346 Journal Article Bushon, A.M. and J.M. Rash. 2021. Retention of postocular visible implant elastomer in two sizes of adult brown trout and rainbow trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 41(5):1384-1389. https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10656.
27287 Journal Article Carim, K., L. Eby, and R. Pierce. 2015. Does whirling disease mediate hybridization between a native and nonnative trout? North American Journal of Fisheries Management 35(2):337-351. https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2015.1007182.
939 Journal Article Carmichael, G.J., J.N. Hanson, M.E. Schmidt, and D.C. Morizot. 1993. Introgression among apache, cutthroat, and rainbow trout in Arizona. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 122:121-130.
15579 Journal Article Choudhury, A., T.L. Hoffnagle, and R.A. Cole. 2004. Parasites of native and nonnative fishes of the Little Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona. Journal of Parasitology 90(5):1042-1053.
39043 Journal Article Crossman, E.J. 1959. Distribution and movements of a predator, the rainbow trout, and its prey, the redside shiner, in Paul Lake, British Columbia. Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada 16(3):247-267.
38918 Journal Article Crowl, T.A., C.R. Townsend, and A.R. Mcintosh. 1992. The impact of introduced brown and rainbow trout on native fish: the case of Australasia. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 2:217-241.
46295 Journal Article Dangora, A.J., L.A. Eby, C.A. Barfoot, and A.R. Whiteley. 2023. Evaluating the effects of selective passage of migratory westslope cutthroat trout on nonnative admixture. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 152(6):772-787. https://doi.org/10.1002/tafs.10438.
31340 Web Page Ertel, B. 2018. Preservation of Native Cutthroat Trout in Northern Yellowstone. https://www.nps.gov/articles/preservation-of-native-cutthroat-trout-in-northern-yellowstone.htm. Accessed on 04/23/2018.
44719 Journal Article Espinola, L.A., C. Baigun, C. Riva-Rossi, P. Quirroga, E. Abrial, A.P. Rabuffetti, C.D. Prinzio, M.C.M. Blettler, and L.N. dos Santos. 2024. Non-native anadromous salmonids in the La Plata Basin: long distance colonization? BioInvasions Records 13(1):251-265. https://www.reabic.net/journals/bir/2024/1/BIR_2024_Espinola_etal.pdf.
24309 Journal Article Fausch, K.D. 1988. Tests of competition between native and introduced salmonids in streams: what have we learned? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45(12):2238-2246.
18784 Journal Article Fausch, K.D., B.E. Rieman, J.B. Dunham, M.K. Young, and D.P. Peterson. 2009. Invasion versus isolation: trade-offs in managing native salmonids with barriers to upstream movement. Conservation Biology 23(4):859-870.
26462 Journal Article Fausch, K.D., Y. Taniguchi, S. Nakano, G.D. Grossman, and C.R. Townsend. 2001. Flood disturbance regimes influence rainbow trout invasion success among five Holarctic regions. Ecological Applications 11(5):1438-1455. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3060931.
24310 Journal Article Feltmate, B.W., and D.D. Williams. 1989. Influence of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on density and feeding behavior of a perlid stonefly. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46(9):1575-1580.
34270 Journal Article Ferincz, A., A. Staszny, A. Weiperth, P. Takas, B. Urbanyi, L. Vilizzi, G. Paulovitz, and G.H. Copp. 2016. Risk assessment of non-native fishes in 3 the catchment of the largest Central-European shallow lake (Lake Balaton, Hungary). Hydrobiologia 780:85-97.
39481 Journal Article Fernández, S., E. Arboleya, E. Dopico, A. Ardura, and E. Garcia-Vazquez. 2019. Non-indigenous fish in protected spaces: trends in species distribution mediated by illegal stocking. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 29:2240-2252. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.3238.
38814 Journal Article Figueria-Muñoz, G., D. Gomez-Uchina, P. Fierro, I. Valdebenito, and I. Arismendi. 2022. First record of a synergistic interaction between invasive salmonids in South America. Biological Invasions 24:1-8. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-021-02629-x.
19088 Journal Article Filbert, R.B., and C.P. Hawkins. 1995. Variation in condition of rainbow trout in relation to food, temperature, and individual length in the Green River, Utah. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 124:824-835.
235 Thesis or Dissertation Fite, K.R. 1973. Feeding overlap between roach and juvenile steelhead in the Eel River. Unpublished M.S. thesis. California State University, Humboldt, CA.
46241 Journal Article Flinn, S., T.O. Brenden, and K. Robinson. 2025. Predicting the response of fish populations to changes in river connectivity using individual-based models. Journal of Great Lakes Research 51(1):102463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102463.
45459 Journal Article Flores, C.A., M.R. Crossland, M. Arreortua, and E. Gonzalez-Bernal. 2024. Responses of showy leopard frog larvae (Lithobates spectabilis) to the presence of introduced rainbow trout in Mexico. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 34(9):e4254. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.4254.
24311 Web Page Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2005. Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme: Oncorhynchus mykiss. Text by Cowx, I.G. In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online]. Rome. Updated 15 June 2005. http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Oncorhynchus_mykiss/en.
37627 Journal Article Futia, M.H., and J. Rinchard. 2019. Evaluation of adult and offspring thiamine deficiency in salmonine species from Lake Ontario. Journal of Great Lakes Research 45(4):4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2019.05.010.
16314 Journal Article Gaggero, A., H. Castro, and A.M. Sandino. 1995. First isolation of Piscirickettsia salmonis from coho salmons, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), during the freshwater stage of their life cycle. Journal of Fish Diseases(18):277-279.
26259 Journal Article Gault, N.F.S., D.J. Kilpatrick, and M.T. Stewart. 2002. Biological control of the fish louse in a rainbow trout fishery. Journal of Fish Biology 60(1):226-237.
26496 Journal Article George, S.G., W.T. Slack, and K.J. Killgore. 2013. First recorded occurrence of Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) in Louisiana. Southeastern Naturalist 12(2):448-450. http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1656/058.012.0217.
25787 Journal Article Glucksman, J., G. West, and T.M. Berra. 1976. The introduced fishes of Papua New Guinea with special reference to Tilapia mossambica. Biological Conservation 9(1):37-44. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006320776900720.
45123 Journal Article Goren, M., and B.S. Galil. 2005. A review of changes in the fish assemblages of Levantine inland and marine ecosystems following the introduction of non-native fishes. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 21:364-370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2005.00674.x.
37607 Journal Article Greeley, J.R. 1932. The spawning habits of Brook, Brown and Rainbow Trout, and the problem of egg predators. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 62(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1932)62[239:tshobb]2.0.co;2.
19084 Journal Article Haddix, T., and P. Budy. 2005. Factors that limit growth and abundance of rainbow trout across ecologically distinct areas of Flaming Gorge Reservoir, Utah-Wyoming. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 25:1082-1094.
24312 Journal Article Hamblin, P.F., and P. Gale. 2002. Water quality modeling of caged aquaculture impacts in Lake Wolsey, North Channel of Lake Huron. Journal of Great Lakes Research 28(1):32-43.
46262 Journal Article Hanson, J., M. Gordon, N. Peterson, R. Lepak, C. Goldsworthy, V. Brady, T. Hrabik, and J. Hoffman. 2025. Stable isotope analysis of western Lake Superior predatory fishes, part two: prey source contributions. Journal of Great Lakes Research 51(4):102615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102615.
45803 Journal Article Happel, A., B.S. Leonhardt, T. Hook, H. Bootsma, C.R. Bronte, M.S. Kornis, S. Czesny, B. Turschak, C. Maier, and J. Rinchard. 2020. Fatty acids reveal salmonine – prey relationships in Lake Michigan. Journal of Great Lakes Research 46(6):1689-1701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2020.08.005.
1466 Report Hassinger, R.L., J.G. Hale, D.E. Woods. 1974. Steelhead of the Minnesota North Shore. Minnesot Department of Natural Resources.
46373 Journal Article Healy, B.D., J.F. Moore, and W.E. Pine III. 2022. Monitoring and managing fishes that are invisible and keep moving around: influences of an invasive species and environmental factors on capture probability. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 42(2):396-409. https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10755.
46301 Journal Article Hedden, C., S. Hedden, K. Gido, A.C. Cameron, D. Propst, and W. Stewart. 2024. Multiscale analysis predicts native species presence based on habitat and nonnative species abundance. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 153(2):234-249. https://doi.org/10.1002/tafs.10458.
45693 Journal Article Hedden, S.C., M.A. Rinker, and S.J. Hedwall. 2024. Translocation prevents the extirpation of a threatened minnow during ongoing drought and nonnative species invasions. Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 15(1):127-135. https://doi.org/10.3996/JFWM-23-009.
33952 Journal Article Hickerson, B.T., B.M. Maitland, and A.W. Walters. 2019. Effects of multiple nonnative fish on an imperiled cyprinid, Hornyhead Chub. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 148(6):1132-1145. https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/tafs.10203.
46322 Journal Article Hickerson, B.T., E.R. Grube, K.R. Mosher, and A.T. Robinson. 2021. Successful restoration of a native fish assemblage in the Blue River, Arizona. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 41(3):746-756. https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10584.
21056 Journal Article Hildebrand, S.F. 1935. An annotated list of fishes of the fresh waters of Puerto Rico. Copeia 1935:49-56. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1436106.
46187 Journal Article Hrabik, T.R., K.W. Olson, T.J. Kaspar, M.E. Sierszen, and B.G. Matthias. 2023. The influence of conditions in Lake Superior and the Bois Brule River, Wisconsin on returns of migratory rainbow trout. Journal of Great Lakes Research 49(2):506-514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2023.01.009.
24313 Journal Article Ivan, L.N., E.S. Rutherford, and T.H. Johengen. 2011. Impacts of adfluvial fish on the ecology of two Great Lakes tributaries. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 140:1670-1682.
40917 Journal Article Jarrett, K.W., E. Bell, E.A. Wilson, T. Dudley, and C.M. Geraghty. 2019. Using eDNA to validate predation on native Oncorhynchus mykiss by invasive Sacramento pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus grandis). California Fish and Game 105(3):177-187. https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=172792.
37784 Journal Article Johnson, J.H., and J.E. McKenna Jr. 2017. Habitat use by juvenile salmonids in Lake Ontario tributaries-species, age, diel and seasonal effects. Journal of Great Lakes Research 43(5):5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2017.07.001.
32389 Journal Article Johnson, J.H., G.E. Mackey, J.A. DiRado, P.L. Randall, and R. Abbett. 2018. Seasonal habitat use of Slimy Sculpin and juvenile Rainbow Trout in a central New York stream. Northeastern Naturalist 25(4):646-655. http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1656/045.025.0409.
37611 Journal Article Johnson, J.H., J.A. DiRado, G. Mackey, and R. Abbett. 2017. Comparative diets and foraging strategies of subyearling Atlantic salmon, brown trout, and rainbow trout during winter. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 33(6):6. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13488.
958 Journal Article Jordan, D.S. 1891. Report of the explorations in Colorado and Utah during the summer of 1889, with an account of the fishes found in each of the river basins examined. Bulletin of the united States Fish Commission 9:1-40.
45442 Journal Article Kanbe, T., H. Mizumoto, T. Mitsuzuka, N. Nakajima, and H. Araki. 2023. Co-occurrence patterns of endangered Sakhalin taimen and introduced rainbow trout in Hokkaido, Japan, inferred by environmental DNA metabarcoding. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 33(12):1492-1500. https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.usgslibrary.idm.oclc.org/doi/10.1002/aqc.4022.
29470 Journal Article Kanno, Y., M.A. Kulp, and S.E. Moore. 2016. Recovery of Native Brook Trout Populations Following the Eradication of Nonnative Rainbow Trout in Southern Appalachian Mountains Streams. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 36(6):1325-1335.
26372 Database Kashiwagi, M. 2012. Maryland Biological Stream Survey (Salmonids). Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD.
24314 Journal Article Kelch, D., F. Lichtkoppler, B. Sohngen, and A. Daigneault. 2006. The value of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) angling in Lake Erie tributaries. Journal of Great Lakes Research 32(3):424-433.
37613 Journal Article Kornis, M.S., D.B. Bunnell, H.K. Swanson, and C.R. Bronte. 2020. Spatiotemporal patterns in trophic niche overlap among five salmonines in Lake Michigan, USA. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 77(6):6. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2019-0288.
45002 Journal Article Koutsikos, N., L. Vardakas, S. Zogaris, C. Perdikaris, O. Kalantzi, and A.N. Economou. 2019. Does rainbow trout justify its high rank among alien invasive species Insights from a nationwide survey in Greece. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 29(3):409-423. https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.usgslibrary.idm.oclc.org/doi/10.1002/aqc.3025.
27620 Journal Article Kovach RP, Muhlfeld CC, Boyer MC, Lowe WH, Allendorf FW, Luikart G. 2015. Dispersal and selection mediate hybridization between a native and invasive species. Proc. R. Soc. B 282: 20142454:10 pp. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2454.
902 Journal Article Krueger, C.C., D.L. Perkins, R.J. Everett, D.R. Schreiner, and B. May. 1994. Genetic variation in naturalized rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Minnesota tributaries to Lake Superior. Journal of Great Lakes Research 20(1):299-316.
46300 Journal Article Lance, M.J., T.D. Ritter, A.V. Zale, G.G. Grisak, J.A. Mullen, S.J. Walsh, K.C. Heim, and R. Al-Chokhachy. 2024. Spatial and temporal variability of movements among sympatric salmonids in an unfragmented inland watershed. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 153(5):611-629. https://doi.org/10.1002/tafs.10485.
1608 Journal Article Larkin, P.A., and S.B. Smith. 1954. Some effects of introduction of the redside shiner on the Kamloops trout in Paul Lake, British Columbia. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 83(1):161-175.
38835 Journal Article Lobos, G., P. Saez, R. Villablanca, M. Prado, F. Cruz-Jofré, P. Fibla, and M.A. Méndez. 2020. Invasion of salmonids in the Puna and southern Chilean Altiplano: patterns and threats to the biodiversity. BioInvasions Records 9(4):853-864. https://www.reabic.net/journals/bir/2020/4/BIR_2020_Lobos_etal.pdf.
24557 Journal Article Lovvorn, J.R., D. Yule, and C.E. Derby. 1999. Greater predation by double-crested cormorants on cutthroat versus rainbow trout fingerlings stocked in a Wyoming river. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77:1984-1990.
24751 Journal Article MacCrimmon, H.R. 1971. World distribution of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 28(5):663-704.
26375 Report Makinster, A.S., M.A. Hangsleben, R.S. Rogers, and W.R. Persons. 2009. Status of the Lees Ferry rainbow trout fishery with additional input regarding potential impacts of the 2008 high flow experiment. 2008 annual report. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ. http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/documents/LeesFerryannualreport2008.pdf.
26376 Report Makinster, A.S., R.S. Rogers, and B. Persons. 2007. Status of the Lee's Ferry trout fishery. 2003-2005 annual report. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ. http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/documents/LeesFerryannualreport2003to2005.pdf.
26377 Report Makinster, A.S., R.S. Rogers, and B. Persons. 2007. Status of the Lee's Ferry trout fishery. 2006 annual report. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ. http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/documents/LeesFerryannualreport2006.pdf.
26378 Report Makinster, A.S., R.S. Rogers, W.R. Persons, M.H. Hangsleben, and S.R. Hurteau. 2008. Status of the Lee's Ferry rainbow trout fishery. 2007 annual report. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ. http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/documents/LeesFerryannualreport2007.pdf.
33802 Book Chapter Marambe, B., P. Silva, S. Ranwala, J. Gunawardena, D. Weerakoon, S. Wijesundara, L. Manawadu, N. Atapattu, and M. Murukulasuriya. 2011. Invasive alien fauna in Sri Lanka: National list, impacts and regulatory framework. Pages 445-450 in Veich, C.R., M.N. Clout, and D.R. Towns, eds. Island invasives: eradication and management. IUCN. Gland, Switzerland.
46345 Journal Article Markham, J.L. and J.M. Robinson. 2021. Influence of steelhead trout stocking size and location on emigration and adult returns. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 41(6):1652-1664. https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10676.
39170 Journal Article Markiw, M.E. 1991. Whirling disease: earliest susceptible age of rainbow trout to the triactinomyxid of Myxobolus cerebralis. Aquaculture 92:1-6. https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/004484869190003P?token=1A444D43EBC362FC1FD5683A239538106F0094298FEBBE39ABA6CB68B90AF982A60C5D08C4255549A29B0402F37F479B&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20221028173245.
39179 Journal Article Markiw, M.E. 1992. Experimentally induced whirling disease I. Dose response of fry and adults of rainbow trout exposed to triactinomyxon stage of Myxobolus cerebralis. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 4:40-43. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1577/1548-8667(1992)004%3C0040%3AEIWDID%3E2.3.CO%3B2?casa_token=1vSSL_EjEAgAAAAA:6bgnjNA_8ysgkJaRtIf6_aWiHegAmr4eSm7ZQ4OAgN46E088zpOyaj9Llc9ODSt9m7eVWPdLfKbp.
13971 News Marotz, B. 2004. Tough Love, why it makes sense to kill some fish in order to save others. Montana Outdoors. 3.
40653 Journal Article Matvienko, N., A. Levchenko, O. Danchuk, and Y. Kvach. 2020. Assessment of the occurrence of microorganisms and other fish parasites in the freshwater aquaculture of Ukraine in relation to the ambient temperature. Acta Ichthyologica Et Piscatoria 50(3):333-348. https://doi.org/10.3750/aiep/02979.
24315 Book Chapter McAfee, W.R. 1966. Rainbow trout. Pages 192-215 in Calhoun, A, ed. Inland fisheries management. California Department of Fish and Game. Sacramento, CA.
24316 Book Chapter McAfee, W.R. 1966. Lahontan cutthroat trout. Pages 225-231 in Calhoun, A, ed. Inland fisheries management. California Department of Fish and Game. Sacramento, CA.
46377 Journal Article Meeuwig, M.H., E.J. Bailey, S.P. Clements, and B.L. Hodgson. 2022. Inferred trophic characteristics and ecological roles of native and nonnative fishes in Odell Lake, Oregon. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 42(5):1301-1323. https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10822.
44998 Journal Article Mendez-Mendez, O., J. Hernandez-Luria, R. Sanchez-Sanchez, G.R. Smith, and J.A. Lemos-Espinal. 2024. Behavioral Response of the Endangered Salamander, Ambystoma Altamirani, to the Cues of a Native Snake Predator and a Nonnative Trout Predator. Herpetologica 81(1):1-5. https://bioone.org/journals/herpetologica/volume-81/issue-1/Herpetologica-D-23-00010/Behavioral-Response-of-the-Endangered-Salamander-Ambystoma-Altamirani-to-the/10.1655/Herpetologica-D-23-00010.short.
44833 Journal Article Miller, L.M., N.R. Peterson, J.E. Blankenheim, K.A. Reeves, and C.A. Goldsworthy. 2020. Introgression of hatchery rainbow trout in naturalized steelhead populations of western Lake Superior. Journal of Great Lakes Research 46(2):356-365. https://www-sciencedirect-com.usgslibrary.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S0380133020300253.
703 Journal Article Mills, E.L., J.H. Leach, J.T. Carlton, and C.L. Secor. 1993. Exotic species in the Great Lakes: a history of biotic crises and anthropogenic introductions. Journal of Great Lakes Research 19(1):1-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(93)71197-1.
29730 Journal Article Muhlfeld, C.C., R.P. Kovach, R. Al-Chokhachy, S.J. Amish, J.L. Kershner, R.F. Leary, W.H. Lowe, Gordon Luikart, P. Matson, D.A. Schmetterling, B.B. Shepard, P.A.H. Westley, D. Whited, A. Whiteley, and F.W. Allendorf. 2017. Legacy introductions and climatic variation explain spatiotemporal patterns of invasive hybridization in a native trout. Global Change Biology 23(11):4663-4674. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.13681/full.
18847 Journal Article Muhlfeld, C.C., T.E. McMahon, M.C. Boyer, and R.E. Gresswell. 2009. Local habitat, watershed, and biotic factors influencing the spread of hybridization between native westslope cutthroat trout and introduced rainbow trout. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 138:1036-1051.
35232 Journal Article Mullin, B.R., and F.B. Reyda. 2020. High Prevalence of the Copepod Salmincola californiensis in Steelhead Trout in Lake Ontario Following its Recent Invasion. Journal of Parasitology 106(1):198-200. https://doi.org/10.1645/19-121.
44775 Journal Article Myers, S.R., H.E. Germeau, M. McCann, W. Cranston, C.M. Crisafulli, K. Fox-Dobbs, and J.E. Gawel. 2024. Establishment and ecological integration of the New Zealand mud snail in Spirit Lake, Mount St. Helens, Washington State, USA. Aquatic Invasions 19(3):287-307. https://aquaticinvasions.arphahub.com/article/134082/.
46167 Journal Article Nawrocki, B.M., C. Zhu, and T.B. Johnson. 2022. Comparative trophic ecology of nearshore juvenile salmonids in Lake Ontario. Journal of Great Lakes Research 48(6):1669-1680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2022.09.004.
45095 Journal Article Nieto, J.D., L.M. Martinez-Toro, J.S. Ospina, D. Valencia-Rodriguez, D. Restrepo-Santamaria, and L.F. Jimenez-Segura. 2024. Trophic niche partitioning among non-native fish species coexisting in a Colombian high Andean reservoir. Biological Invasions 26:1367-1379. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-024-03250-4.
24805 Journal Article O'Brien, J.W., H.K. Hansen, and M.E. Stephens. 2011. Status of fishes in the Upper San Gabriel River Basin, Los Angeles County, California. California Fish and Game 97(4):149-163.
37789 Journal Article Polinski, M.P., N. Vendramin, A. Cuenca, and K.A. Garver. 2020. Piscine orthoreovirus: Biology and distribution in farmed and wild fish. Journal of Fish Diseases 43(11):11. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13228.
46289 Journal Article Poole, A.S., T.M. Koel, A.V. Zale, and M.A.H. Webb. 2023. Rotenone induces mortality of invasive lake trout and rainbow trout embryos. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 152(1):3-14. https://doi.org/10.1002/tafs.10394.
34292 Journal Article Rabitsch, W., N. Milasowszky, S. Nehring, C. Wiesner, C. Wolter, and F. Essl. 2013. The times are changing: temporal shifts in patterns of fish invasions in central European fresh waters. Journal of Fish Biology 82:17-33.
32386 Journal Article Rasmussen, J. B., M.D. Robinson, and D.D. Heath. 2010. Ecological consequences of hybridization between native westslope cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi) and introduced rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss) trout: effects on life history and habitat use. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67(2):357-370.
19697 News Reno Gazette-Journal. 2011. State will stop stocking trout at Lake Mead and Lake Mohave. Reno Gazette-Journal. 3 (16). http://www.rgj.com/article/20110316/LIV08/110316041/-1/TT.
45597 Journal Article Richer, E.E., E.R. Fetherman, E.A. Krone, F.B. Wright III, and M.C. Kondratieff. 2020. Multispecies fish pasage evaluation at a rock-ramp fishway in a Colorado transition zone stream. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 40(6):1510-1522. https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10516.
46324 Journal Article Rodger, A.W., S.L. Wolf, T.A. Starks, J.P. Burroughs, and S.K. Brewer. 2021. Seasonal diet and habitat use of large, introduced rainbow trout in an Ozark highland stream. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 41(6):1764-1780. https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10694.
46406 Journal Article Roloson, S.D., S>J. Landsman, R. Tana, B.J. Hicks, J.W. Carr, F. Whoriskey, and M.R. van den Heuvel. 2020. Otolith microchemistry and acoustic telemetry reveal anadromy in non-native rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 77(7):1117-1130. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2019-0229.
24317 Journal Article Rooney, R.C., and C.L. Podemski. 2010. Freshwater trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming affects sediment and pore-water chemistry. Marine and Freshwater Research 61:513-526.
27165 Journal Article Roseman, E.F., J.S. Schaeffer, E. Bright, and D.G. Fielder. 2014. Angler-caught piscivore diets reflect fish community changes in Lake Huron. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 143:1419-1433. https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2014.945659.
32077 Journal Article Ruiz, C.F., J.M. Rash, D.A. Besler, J.R. Roberts, M.B. Warren, C.R. Arias, and S.A. Bullard. 2017. Exotic "gill lice" species (Copepoda: Lernaeopodidae: Salmincola spp.) infect Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the southeastern United States. Journal of Parasitology 103(4):377-389. http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1645/16-165.
45421 Journal Article Scarnecchia, D.L., S. Martling, and M. Barnes. 2023. The evolution of trout stream management in the Black Hills, 1883–2023, as evidenced through hatchery activities and stocking. Fisheries 48(10):419-439. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fsh.10968.
23934 Journal Article Seiler, S.M., and E.R. Keeley. 2009. Competition between native and introduced salmonid fishes: cutthroat trout have lower growth rate in the presence of cutthroat-rainbow trout hybrids. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 66:133-141.
32081 Journal Article Shelton, J.M., O.L.F. Weyl, K.J. Esler, B.R. Paxton, N.D. Impson, and H.F. Dallas. 2018. Temperature mediates the impact of non-native rainbow trout on native freshwater fishes in South Africa’s Cape Fold Ecoregion. Biological Invasions 20(10):2927-2944. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-018-1747-7.
30696 Report Shetter, D.S., and J.W. Leonard. 1936. The early plantings of rainbow trout in the Au Sable River system, and their relation to present-day rainbow trout catches on the North Branch of the Au Sable. (Fisheries research report: 392). Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Ann Arbor, MI. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/f/fishery/AAG2862.0392.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext.
16323 Journal Article Smith, P.A., P. Pizarro, P. Ojeda, J. Contreras, S. Oyanedel, and J. Larenas. 1999. Routes of entry of Piscirickettsia salmonis in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 37(3):165-172.
46362 Journal Article Spurgeon, J., J. Kaiser, C. Graham, and S. Lochmann. 2022. Trout respones to stocking rates and river discharge within a southeastern U.S. hydropeaking tailwater. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 42(4):926-938. https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10779.
46240 Journal Article Stratton, K., J. George, F. Fischer, T.R. Hrabik, E.S. Dunlop, B.J. Shuter, and M.D. Rennie. 2025. Age-dependent juvenile mortality explains delayed smolting in a declining steelhead population. Journal of Great Lakes Research 51(2):102508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102508.
45113 Journal Article Sunny, A., J. Ruiz-Reyes, H. Dominguez-Vega, Y. Gomez-Ortiz, R.L. Heredia-Bobadilla, V. Avila-Akerberg, J. Manjarrez, E. Reyes-Olivares, and S. Garcia-Rendon. 2024. Niche overlap by invasion of Oncorhynchus mykiss on the habitat of its amphibian prey in central Mexico. Biological Invasions 26:2183-2201. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-024-03304-7.
46197 Journal Article Taylor, C.E., R. Lauzon, C. Davis, V. Lee, and E.S. Dunlop. 2024. Regional predatory fish diets following a regime shift in Lake Huron. Journal of Great Lakes Research 50(2):102301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102301.
24318 Journal Article Tiegs, S.D., E.Y. Campbell, P.S. Levi, J. Rüegg, M.E. Benbow, D.T. Chaloner, R.W. Merritt, J.L. Tank, and G.A. Lamberti. 2009. Separating physical disturbance and nutrient enrichment caused by Pacific salmon in stream ecosystems. Freshwater Biology 54(9):1864-1857.
13672 Journal Article Tilmant, J.T. 1999. Management of nonindigenous aquatic fish in the U.S. National Park System. Paper presented at the 129th Annual Meeting of The American Fisheries Society, Charlotte, North Carolina, September 1, 1999 129:50.
43200 Journal Article Torres P, Ruíz E, Rebolledo C, Mira A, Cubillos V, Navarrete N, Gesche W, Montefusco A, Valdés L, Alberdi A. 1990. Parasitism in fishes and human riverside communities of the Huillinco and Natri lakes (Great Island of Chiloé), Chile. Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 45(3-4):47-55.
45684 Journal Article Treanor, H.B., A.M. Ray, J.J. Amberg, M.P. Gaikowski, J.E. Ilgen, R.E. Gresswell, L. Gains-Germain, and M.A.H. Webb. 2020. Carbon dioxide-induced mortality of four species of North American fishes. Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 11(2):463-475. https://doi.org/10.3996/JFWM-20-012.
1431 Journal Article Trebo, L.B., Jr., and W.W. Hassler. 1963. Food of brook, brown, and rainbow trout in streams in western North America. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 79(1):44-53.
46048 Journal Article Tsehaye, I., P.P. Piszczek, and K.W. Olson. 2021. Optimal sampling designs for estimating salmonid run abundances from video recordings at a fishway on the Bois Brule River, Wisconsin, a tributary to Lake Superior. Journal of Great Lakes Research 47(5):1419-1428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2021.06.001.
14760 Journal Article Tyler, T., W.J. Liss, L.M. Ganio, G.L. Larson, R. Hoffman, E. Deimling, and G. Lomnicky. 1998. Interaction Between Introduced Trout and Larval Salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum) in High-Elevation Lakes. Conservation Biology 12(1):94-105.
24319 Report U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2006. Economic effects of rainbow trout production by the national fish hatchery system. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA. http://www.fws.gov/southeast/fisheries/pdf/RainbowTrout-05.pdf.
1460 Other Cut-and-paste reference not available due to unhandled reference type. Please contact support to request the addition of the 'Other' type.
37639 Journal Article Ward, D.L., and R. Morton-Starner. 2015. Effects of water temperature and fish size on predation vulnerability of juvenile humpback chub to rainbow trout and brown trout. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 144(6):6. https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2015.1077160.
37641 Journal Article Ward, D.L., R. Morton-Starner, and B. Vaage. 2018. Are hatchery-reared Rainbow Trout and Brown Trout effective predators on juvenile native fish? North American Journal of Fisheries Management 38(5):5. https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10216.
18816 Journal Article Warren, D.R., A.G. Ernst, and B.P. Baldigo. 2009. Influence of spring floods on year-class strength of fall- and spring-spawning salmonids in Catskill Mountain Streams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 138(1):200-210.
46083 Journal Article Wegleitner, E., J. Raabe, D. Dembkowski, N. Legler, and D. Isermann. 2021. Wild juvenile salmonid abundance in Wisconsin tributaries indicates limited contributions to Lake Michigan fisheries. Journal of Great Lakes Research 47(6):1824-1835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2021.10.005.
30720 Journal Article Weigel, D.E., and P.W. Sorensen. 2001. The influence of habitat characteristics on the longitudinal distribution of Brook, Brown, and Rainbow Trout in a small Midwestern stream. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 16(4):599-613. https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2001.9663852.
30607 Report Western Native Trout Initiative. 1984. Little Kern Golden Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss whitei). Western Native Trout Initiative. http://www.westernnativetrout.org/media/trout/little-kern-golden-trout-assessment.pdf.
30606 Report Western Native Trout Initiative. 2004. California Golden trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita). Western Native Trout Initiative. http://www.westernnativetrout.org/media/trout/california-golden-trout-assessment.pdf.
30602 Report Western Native Trout Initiative. 2013. Resident Coastal Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Western Native Trout Initiative. http://www.westernnativetrout.org/media/trout/wnti-species_assessment_rainbow-trout_adfg_20130318.pdf.
30993 Conference Proceedings Whelan, G. E., Daniel, W. M., Dean, E., Infante, D., Herreman, K., and Cooper, A. 2017. Who is doing what to trout: insights from the National Fish Habitat Assessment. Pages 263-272 in Carline, R, ed. Wild Trout XII—science, politics, and wild trout management: who's driving and where are we going? Wild Trout Symposium. Bozeman, MT.
32217 Journal Article Willoughby, J.R., A.M. Harder, J.A. Tennessen, K.T. Scribner, and M.R. Christie. 2018. Rapid genetic adaptation to a novel environment despite a genome‐wide reduction in genetic diversity. Molecular Ecology 27(20):4010-4051. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mec.14726.
27236 Database Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WIDNR). 2014. Wisconsin Center for Integrated Data Analytics (CIDA) fish dataset. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI. https://cida.usgs.gov/wdnr_fishmap/map/. Accessed on 10/14/2015.
46344 Journal Article Wolf, S.L. and S.K. Brewer. 2021. Survival and movement patterns of rainbow trout stocked in a groundwater-influenced warmwater stream. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 41(3):600-615. https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10566.
34299 Journal Article Wolter, C. and F. Rohr. 2010. Distribution history of non-native freshwater fish species in Germany: how invasive are they? Journal of Applied Ichthyology 26(Suppl. 2):19-27.
39770 News Woodbury Bozeman, R. 1996. A killer runs through it. The New York Times.
24320 Journal Article Yoder, W.G. 1972. The spread of Myxosoma cerebralis into native trout populations in Michigan. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 34(2):103-106.
37642 Journal Article Yuille, M.J., A.T. Fisk, T. Stewart, and T.B. Johnson. 2015. Evaluation of Lake Ontario salmonid niche space overlap using stable isotopes. Journal of Great Lakes Research 41(3):3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2015.05.011.
30851 Database Zimmerman, B. 2012. Ohio non-native fish collection data, sampled during survey work on update to Trautman's (1981) "Fishes of Ohio". Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Columbus, OH. Created on 12/01/2012. Accessed on 11/30/2017.


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Citation information: U.S. Geological Survey. [2025]. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. Gainesville, Florida. Accessed [12/15/2025].

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