Reference List

This list includes references used to derive specimen records as well as those with scientific name Carassius carassius listed in key words.

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REFTypeCut-and-Paste Reference
45661 Journal Article Rather, M.Y., Y. M. Tilwani and A. Dey. 2019. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in two edible fish species Carassius carassius and Triplophysa kashmirensis of Dal Lake, Srinagar, Kashmir, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 191(4):242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7382-7.
14986 Journal Article Aho, J., and I.J. Holopainen. 2000. Batch spawning of cruician carp (Carassius carassius [L.]) in mono- and multispecies communities. Annales Zoologici Fennici 37:101-111.
31499 Journal Article Brönmark, C., and L.B.Pettersson. 1994. Chemical Cues from Piscivores Induce a Change in Morphology in Crucian Carp. Oikos 70(3):396-402. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3545777.pdf.
45633 Journal Article Choi, J.H., J.H. Lee, A.H. Jo, Y.J. Choi, C.Y. Choi et al. 2023. Microplastic polyamide toxicity: Neurotoxicity, stress indicators and immune responses in crucian carp, Carassius carassius. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 265(115469):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115469.
45634 Journal Article Copp, G.H., and C.D. Sayer. 2020. Demonstrating the practical impact of publications in Aquatic Conservation – The case of crucian carp in the East of England. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 30(9):1753-1757. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aqc.3353.
45635 Journal Article de Meo, I., K. Østbye, K. K. Kahilainen and A. B. S. Poléo. 2023. The role of predation risk in structuring life-history traits of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) in a series of small boreal lakes. Journal of Fish Biology 103(5):939-949. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jfb.15485.
41935 Journal Article Fraser, D. and C.E. Adams. 1997. A crucian carp Carassius carassius (L.) in Loch Rannoch, Scotland: further evidence of the threat posed to unique fish communities by introduction of alien fish species. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 7(4):323-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0755(199712)7:4%3C323::AID-AQC252%3E3.0.CO;2-K.
45639 Journal Article Gerber, L.,M.K. Torp, G.E. Nilsson, S. Lefevre and K.O. Stensløkken. 2024. Differential production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species between mouse (Mus musculus) and crucian carp (Carassius carassius). Acta Physiologica 240(12):e14244. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/apha.14244.
45123 Journal Article Goren, M., and B.S. Galil. 2005. A review of changes in the fish assemblages of Levantine inland and marine ecosystems following the introduction of non-native fishes. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 21:364-370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2005.00674.x.
38687 Journal Article Gu, J., K. Li, E. Jeppesen, Y. Han, H. Jin, H. He, and X. Ning. 2020. Using freshwater bivalves (Corbicula fluminea) to alleviate harmful effects of small-sized Crucian Carp (Carassius carassius) on growth of submerged macrophytes during lake restoration by biomanipulation. Water 12:3161. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113161.
45640 Journal Article Han Y., J. Gu, Q. Li, Y. Zhang, H. He, R. Shen, K. Li. 2020. Effects of juvenile crucian carp (Carassius carassius) removal on submerged macrophyte growth—implications for subtropical shallow lake restoration. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27:42198-42209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07217-0.
24250 Journal Article Hänfling, B., P. Bolton, M. Harley, and G.R. Carvalho. 2005. A molecular approach to detect hybridization between crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and non-indigenous carp species (Carassius spp. and Cyprinus carpio). Freshwater Biology 50(3):403-417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01330.x.
45641 Journal Article Harper, L. N. P. Griffiths, L. Lawson Handley, C. D. Sayer, D. S. Read, K. J. Harper, et al. 2019. Development and application of environmental DNA surveillance for the threatened crucian carp (Carassius carassius). Freshwater Biology 64(1):93-107. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13197.
45642 Journal Article Haverinen, J.,A. Badr, M. Eskelinen and M. Vornanen. 2024. Three steps down: metabolic depression in winter-acclimatized crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.). Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 287(111537):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111537.
45643 Journal Article He, H., Y. Han, Q. Li, E. Jeppesen, K. Li, J. Yu, and Z. Liu. 2019. Crucian Carp (Carassius carassius) Strongly Affect C/N/P Stoichiometry of Suspended Particulate Matter in Shallow Warm Water Eutrophic Lakes. Water 11(3):524. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030524.
41936 Journal Article Holopainen, I.J., and A. Oikari. 1992. Ecophysiological effects of temporary acidification on crucian carp, Carassius carassius (L.): a case history of a forest pond in eastern Finland. Annales Zoologici Fennici 29(1):29-38. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23735340.
15171 Journal Article Holopainen, I.J., and H. Hyvaerinen. 1983. Ecology and physiology of crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.) in small Finnish ponds with anoxic conditions in winter. Verhandlungen. Internationale Vereiningung fur theoretische und angewandte Limnology 22(4):2566-2570.
15172 Journal Article Holopainen, I.J., W.M. Tonn, et al. 1997. Tales of two fish: the dichotomous biology of crucian carp ( Carassius carassius L. ) in northern Europe. Annales Zoologici Fennici 34:1-22.
45644 Journal Article Jeffries, D. L., G. H. Copp, G. E. Maes, L. Lawson Handley, C. D. Sayer and B. Hänfling. 2017. Genetic evidence challenges the native status of a threatened freshwater fish (Carassius carassius) in England. Ecology and evolution 7(9):2871-2882. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2831.
15188 Journal Article Jones, J.W., and R.S.J. Linfield. 1972. A note on the identification of a crucian carp Carassius carassius (L.) x common carp Cyprinus carpio (L.) hybrid from a still water in Nottinghamshire. Journal of Fish Biology 4:309-310.
46172 Journal Article Kalous, L., J. Bohlen, K. Rylková, and M. Petrtýl. 2012. Hidden diversity within the Prussian carp and designation of a neotype for Carassius gibelio (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 23(1):11-18.
15194 Journal Article Kasama, M., and H. Kobayasi. 1990. Hybridization experiment between Carassius carassius (female) and Gnathopogon elongatus elongatus (male). Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 36(4):419-426.
45645 Conference Proceedings Kaya, Cuneyt. 2024. The First Record of Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758) in Çıldır Lake, Northeastern Türkiye in 11th International Ecology Symposium. Sinop, Turkey.
39797 Journal Article Knauthe, K. 1894. Two fertile cyprinoid hybrids. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission 14:29-30.
45646 Journal Article Knytl, M., L. Kalous, K. Rylková, L. Choleva, J. Merilä and P. Ráb. 2018. Morphologically indistinguishable hybrid Carassius female with 156 chromosomes: A threat for the threatened crucian carp, C. carassius, L. PLOS ONE 13(1):e0190924. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190924.
45653 Journal Article Kucuk, S. 2013. The effects of salinity on growth of goldfish, Carassius auratus and crucian carp, Carassius carassius. African Journal of Biotechnology 12(16):2082-2087. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB12.430.
15222 Journal Article Laurila, S., and I.J. Holopainen. 1990. Features of embryonic and larval development of crucian carp, Carassius carassius (L.) with a note on species identification. Annales Zoologici 27(4):361-367.
45654 Journal Article Lehoczky, I., F. A. Al Fatle, Q. Nguyen Thi, E. Edviné Meleg, Z. Sallai, G. Szabó, et al. 2025. Genetic survey of crucian carp Carassius carassius populations in Hungary for a conservation project to establish live gene bank. Scientific Reports 15(1):8835. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-93468-6.
45656 Journal Article Liu, W., Z. Li, F. Li, Y. Zhang and S. Ding. 2024. Bioaccumulation and behavioral response patterns of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) after carbamazepine exposure and elimination. Science of The Total Environment 951:175519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175519.
44 Journal Article Meek, S.E., and S.F. Hidebrand. 1910. A synoptic list of the fishes known to occur with in fifty miles of Chicago. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoology Series 7(9):223-338. http://archive.org/details/synopticlistoffi79meek.
45657 Journal Article Merga, L.B., P. E. Redondo-Hasselerharm, P. J. Van den Brink and A. A. Koelmans. 2020. Distribution of microplastic and small macroplastic particles across four fish species and sediment in an African lake. The Science of the total environment 741:140527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140527.
36268 Journal Article Mezhzherin, S.V., S.V. Kokodii, A.V. Kulish, D.B. Verlatii, and L.V. Fedorenko. 2012. Hybridization of crucian carp Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) in Ukrainian reservoirs and the genetic structure of hybrids. Cytology and genetics 46(1):28-35.
45658 Journal Article Nkoom, M., G. Lu, J. Liu and H. Dong. 2020. Biological uptake, depuration and biochemical effects of diclofenac and carbamazepine in Carassius carassius. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 205:111106. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651320309453.
45659 Journal Article Olsén, K.H., and M. Bonow. 2023. Crucian carp (Carassius carassius (L.)), an anonymous fish with great skills. Ichthyological Research 70(3):313-331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-022-00892-z.
15363 Journal Article Penttinen, O.P., and I.J. Holopainen. 1992. Seasonal feeding activity and ontogenetic dietary shifts in crucian carp, Carassius carassius. Environmental Biology of Fishes 33(1-2):215-221.
15562 Journal Article Piironen, J., and I.J. Holopainen. 1986. A note on seasonality in anoxia tolerance of crucian carp (Carassius carassius (L.)) in the laboratory. Annales Zoologici Fennici 23(3):335-338.
45668 Journal Article Sayer, C.D., D. Emson, I. R. Patmore, H. M. Greaves, W. P. West, J. Payne, et al. 2020. Recovery of the crucian carp (L.): Approach and early results of an English conservation project. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 30(12):2240-2253. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3422.
46183 Book Seeley, H.G. 1886. The fresh-water fishes of Europe: a history of their genera, species, structure, habits, and distribution. Cassell, limited. Cassell, limited.
45663 Journal Article Sikorska, J., E. Kondera, R. Kamiński, K. Ługowska, M. Witeska and J. Wolnicki. 2018. Effect of four rearing water temperatures on some performance parameters of larval and juvenile crucian carp, Carassius carassius, under controlled conditions. Aquaculture Research 49(12):3874-3880. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13855.
43474 Journal Article Smejkal, M., K. Thomas, V. Koren and J. Kubecka. 2024. The 50-year history of anglers' record catches of genus Carassius: circumstantial evidence of wiping out the native species by invasive conspecific. NeoBiota 92:111-128. https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/121288/.
45671 Journal Article Sula, E., V. Aliko, D. Barceló and C. Faggio. 2020. Combined effects of moderate hypoxia, pesticides and PCBs upon crucian carp fish, Carassius carassius, from a freshwater lake-in situ ecophysiological approach. Aquatic Toxicology 228:105644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105644.
45672 Journal Article Sula, E., V. Aliko, E. Marku, A. Nuro and C. Faggio. 2020. Evaluation of kidney histopathological alterations in Crucian Carp, Carassius carassius, from a pesticide and PCB-contaminated freshwater ecosystem, using light microscopy and organ index mathematical model. International journal of aquatic biology 8(3):154-165.
45673 Journal Article Sun, Y., L. Zhang, X. Zhang, T. Chen, D. Dong, X. Hua and Z. Guo. 2020. Enhanced bioaccumulation of fluorinated antibiotics in crucian carp (Carassius carassius): Influence of fluorine substituent. Science of the Total Environment 748:141567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141567.
45687 Book Chapter Szczerbowski, J. A. & Szczerbowski, A. J. 2002. Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758). Pages 43-78 in The Freshwater Fishes of Europe. Volume 5/III. (B˘an˘arescue, P. M. & Paepke, H.J., eds). Wiebelsheim: Aula-Verlag.
42015 Report U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2019. Crucian Carp (Carassius carassius) Ecological Risk Screening Summary. https://www.fws.gov/media/ecological-risk-screening-summary-crucian-carp-carassius-carassius-uncertain-risk.
45674 Book Chapter Vornanen, M., J. A. W. Stecyk and G. E. Nilsson. 2009. Chapter 9 The Anoxia-Tolerant Crucian Carp (Carassius Carassius L.). Pages 397-441 in Richards, J.G., A. P. Farrell and C. J. Brauner, eds. Fish Physiology. Volume 27. Academic Press.
45675 Journal Article Wang, W., H.S. Cho, K. Kim, K. Park and J.E. Oh. 2021. Tissue-specific distribution and bioaccumulation of cyclic and linear siloxanes in South Korean crucian carp (Carassius carassius). Environmental Pollution 288:117789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117789.
45676 Journal Article Wei, W., Q. Yang, D. Xiang, X. Chen, Z. Wen, X. Wang, et al. 2023. Combined impacts of microplastics and cadmium on the liver function, immune response, and intestinal microbiota of crucian carp (Carassius carassius). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 261:115104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115104.
15497 Journal Article Wheeler, A. 2000. Status of the crucian carp, Carassius carassius (L.), in the UK. Fisheries Management and Ecology 7:315-322.
42014 Book Woo, P.T.K., and R.C. Cipriano. 2017. Fish viruses and bacteria: pathobiology and protection. CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780647784.0000.
45677 Journal Article Yang, Z., S. Huang, W. Kong, H. Yu, F. Li, Z. Khatoon, et al. 2021. Effect of different fish feeds on water quality and growth of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) in the presence and absence of prometryn. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 227:112914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112914.


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Citation information: U.S. Geological Survey. [2025]. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. Gainesville, Florida. Accessed [12/5/2025].

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