Reference List

This list includes references used to derive specimen records as well as those with scientific name Hydrocharis morsus-ranae listed in key words.

Results also available in (click to export table to spreadsheet)

REFTypeCut-and-Paste Reference
19141 News 2007. Invasive Species Targeted on Water in Upstate New York. Protect Your Waters. 2007 (April 18). http://www.protectyourwaters.net/news/display.php?id=5865.
30241 Report 2017. Michigan Fishing Guide. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. http://www.michigan.gov/documents/dnr/2016-2017MIFishingGuide_515573_7.pdf.
43342 News 2024. Frog-bit Forum: New EFB population found inland in Marinette County, Wisconsin. Great Lakes Commission. Ann Arbor, MI. Created on 07/17/2024. Accessed on 07/17/2024.
16163 News Abruzzi, W. 2007. Frog's bit is the Park's latest invasive aquatic threat. The Adirondack Daily Enterprise. 2007 (July 20). http://www.adirondackdailyenterprise.com/news/articles.asp?articleID=7924 (accessed on 7/23/07).
41579 Database Bragg, A. 2022. AIS plants from Lake Erie Drainage field surveys 2022. Cleveland Metroparks, Cleveland, OH. Accessed on 06/05/2023.
37717 Report Cahill, B.C. and A.K. Monfils. 2021. Development and Implementation of Michigan’s European Frog-bit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.) Adaptive Management Framework: Lessons Learned. Central Michigan University, MI, USA. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33417.57448.
37718 Report Cahill, B.C., R.T. Goebel, and A.K. Monfils. 2021. European Frog-bit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.) Phenology and Reproductive Biology in Michigan. Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356175053_European_Frog-bit_Hydrocharis_morsus-ranae_L_Phenology_and_Reproductive_Biology_in_Michigan.
37585 Report Cahill, B.C., R.T. Goebel, and A.K. Monfils. 2021. European Frog-bit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.) Phenology and Reproductive Biology in Michigan. Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356175053_European_Frog-bit_Hydrocharis_morsus-ranae_L_Phenology_and_Reproductive_Biology_in_Michigan?channel=doi&linkId=618ec5873068c54fa5d95469&showFulltext=true.
37719 Report Cahill, B.C., R.T. Goebel, S.E. Hansen, and A.K. Monfils. 2021. European Frog-bit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.) in Michigan: Stakeholder Awareness, Perceptions, and Attitudes. Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356175059_European_Frog-bit_Hydrocharis_morsus-ranae_L_in_Michigan_Stakeholder_Awareness_Perceptions_and_Attitudes.
37948 Database Carr, D. 2021. Finger Lakes PRISM 2020 AIS survey. Finger Lakes Partnership for Regional Invasive Species Management, Geneva, NY. http://fingerlakesinvasives.org/. Accessed on 02/09/2021.
35245 Journal Article Catling, P. M., G. Mitrow, E. Haber, U. Posluszny, and W. A. Charlton. 2003. The biology of Canadian weeds. 124. Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. 83:1001—1016. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83:1001-1016.
10773 Journal Article Catling, P.M., and W.G. Dore. 1982. Status and identification of Hydrocharis morsus-ranae and Limnobium spongia (Hydrocharitaceae) in northeastern North America. Rhodora 84(840):523-545. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23314457.
10775 Journal Article Catling, P.M., and Z.S. Porebski. 1995. The spread and current distribution of European frogbit, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L., in North America. Canadian Field-Naturalist 109(2):236-241.
35244 Journal Article Catling, P.M., K.W. Spicer, and L.P. Lefkovitch. 1988. Effects of the introduced floating vascular aquatic, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae (Hydrocharitaceae), on some North American aquatic macrophytes. Naturaliste Canadien 115:131-137.
24369 Database Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health. 2024. EDDMapS: Early detection and distribution mapping system. The University of Georgia, Tifton, GA. https://www.eddmaps.org/tools/query/. Accessed on 01/27/2019.
33976 Database Cleveland Metroparks. 2019. Aquatic plant survey for Hydrilla verticillata, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, and Nymphoides peltata. Cleveland Metroparks, Cleveland, OH. https://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/. Accessed on 12/04/2019.
28510 Journal Article Cook, C.D.K., and R. Lüönd. 1982. A revision of the genus Hydrocharis (Hydrocharitaceae). Aquatic Botany 14:177-204.
27378 Database Cranberg, C., and R. Keller. 2020. Illinois Database of Aquatic Non-native Species. School of Environmental Sustainability, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL. Created on 05/13/2015. Accessed on 05/06/2021.
45728 Journal Article Cutter, E.G. 1964. Observations on leaf and bud formation in Hydrocharis morsus-ranae. American Journal of Botany 51(3):318-324. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1964.tb06637.x.
10782 Journal Article Daniels, J. 2000. European Frogbit. What is it? Should we be worried? Upwellings 22(4):5.
10786 Other Cut-and-paste reference not available due to unhandled reference type. Please contact support to request the addition of the 'Other' type.
10774 Journal Article Dore, W.G. 1954. Frog-bit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.) in Ottawa River. Canadian Field-Naturalist 68:180-181.
10772 Journal Article Dore, W.G. 1968. Progress of the European frog-bit in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 82:76-83.
31942 News Eichacker, C. 2018. European frogbit, an invasive water plant, discovered in Maine for first time. Portland Press Herald. https://www.pressherald.com/2018/08/15/european-frogbit-an-invasive-water-plant-discovered-in-maine-for-first-time/. Created on 08/15/2018. Accessed on 08/24/2018.
17285 Report Eichler, L.W. 2006. Annual Report - 2005 Darrin Fresh Water Institute Aquatic Plant Identification Program. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Bolton Landing, New York. www.rpi.edu/dept/DFWI/APIP2005.pdf (accessed 1 February 2008).
18198 Report Eichler, L.W. 2007. Annual Report - 2006 Darrin Fresh Water Institute Aquatic Plant Identification Program. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Bolton Landing, New York. http://www.rpi.edu/dept/DFWI/images/APIP2006.pdf (accessed 10 November 2008).
28080 Database Environmental Assessment Program. 2018. Washington State Lakes Environmental Data Version 1.0. Washington State Department of Ecology, Lacey, WA. https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/coastalatlas/tools/LakeDetail.aspx. Accessed on 12/18/2018.
29057 News Foreman, J., and S. LeSage. 2016. Invasive species alert: European frogbit detected in West Michigan lakes. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Lansing, MI. https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MIDNR/bulletins/16555b2. Created on 09/19/2016. Accessed on 09/27/2016.
45463 Report Great Lakes Environmental Center. 2024. Early Detection of Invasive Aquatic Plants in Coastal Waters of the Great Lakes. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
10626 Web Page Haber, E. 1996. Invasive alien plants of Canada. Fact sheet No 3, European frog bit. http://infoweb.magi.com/~ehaber (now: http://www.rbg.ca/cbcn/en/projects/invasives/invade1.html).
10787 Other Cut-and-paste reference not available due to unhandled reference type. Please contact support to request the addition of the 'Other' type.
37623 Conference Proceedings Hansen, S. J. Buschbom, T. Karim and A. Monfils. 2021. Building the Digital Extended Specimen: A case study of invasive European frog-bit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.) in Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 5: e73814.
35249 Journal Article Haynes, R. R. 1988. Reproductive biology of selected aquatic plants. 75(3): 805—810. Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 75(3):805-810.
28540 Journal Article Hellquist, C.B., and C.E. Hellquist. 2006. Invasive plants of the frogbit family in North America. The Water Garden Journal 21(2):5-8.
42437 Other Cut-and-paste reference not available due to unhandled reference type. Please contact support to request the addition of the 'Other' type.
27462 Database iMapInvasives: NatureServe’s online data system supporting strategic invasive species management. 2018. Pennsylvania iMapInvasives. © NatureServe. https://www.imapinvasives.org/. Accessed on 12/15/2016.
27712 Database iMapInvasives: NatureServe’s online data system supporting strategic invasive species management. 2019. New York iMapInvasives. © NatureServe. https://www.imapinvasives.org. Accessed on 07/08/2015.
25944 Database iNaturalist. 2024. http://www.inaturalist.org/. Accessed on 08/13/2024.
29255 Database Isaac, B. (collections). 2016. Carnegie Museum of Natural History Herbarium (CM). Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA. http://www.carnegiemnh.org/botany/collection.html.
30461 News Jackson, T. 2017. Volunteers needed to battle invasive plant at Old Woman Creek. Sandusky Register. Sandusky, OH. http://www.sanduskyregister.com/story/201708220030. Created on 08/23/2017. Accessed on 08/24/2017.
19353 Other Cut-and-paste reference not available due to unhandled reference type. Please contact support to request the addition of the 'Other' type.
28145 Database Kishbaugh, S.A. 2015. NYS Exotic Aquatic Plant Locations 2015. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY.
36477 News Kretlow, A. 2021. Invasive European frogbit found in Oconto County. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Madison, WI. https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/newsroom/release/48136. Created on 08/09/2021. Accessed on 08/24/2021.
28153 Journal Article Lamont, E.E., R. Sivertsen, C. Doyle, and L. Adamec. 2013. Extant populations of Aldrovanda vesiculosa (Droseraceae) in the New World. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 140(4):517-522.
29329 Thesis or Dissertation Lemein, T. 2016. The Response and Effect of Emergent Coastal Vegetation to Sedimentation and the Distribution of Coastal Vegetation Communities along Environmental Gradients. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
32114 Journal Article Lowden, R.M. 1992. Floral variation and taxonomy of Limnobium L. C. Richard (Hydrocharitaceae). Rhodora 94(878):111-134. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23312884.
35254 Report Lui, K., M. Butler, M. Allen, E. Snyder, J. da Silva, B. Brownson, and A. Ecclestone. 2010. Field Guide to Aquatic Invasive Species: Identification, collection and reporting of aquatic invasive in Ontario waters. Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario, Canada. https://www.quinteconservation.ca/en/learn-and-get-involved/resources/Documents/Resources/field-guides-to-aquatic-invasive-species.pdf.
10788 Journal Article Lumsden, H.G., and D.J. McLachlin. 1988. European frog-bit, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, in Lake Ontario marshes. Canadian Field-Naturalist 102(2):261-263.
29921 Database Mehrhoff, L.J., J.A. Silander, Jr., S.A. Leicht, E.S. Mosher, and N.M. Tabak. 2003. IPANE: Invasive Plant Atlas of New England. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT. http://www.ipane.org. Accessed on 04/14/2017.
27950 Database Michigan State University Board of Trustees. 2019. Midwest Invasive Species Information Network (MISIN). Michigan State University. Department of Entomology - Applied Spatial Ecology and Technical Services Laboratory, East Lansing, MI. https://www.misin.msu.edu.
37885 Database MI-EGLE. 2022. Unpublished MI-EGLE Monitoring Data (2 spreadsheets).
42434 Web Page Mikulyuk, A. and M. Nault. 2011. Hydrocharis morsus-ranae. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.28140. Created on 07/01/2008. Accessed on 10/23/2023.
703 Journal Article Mills, E.L., J.H. Leach, J.T. Carlton, and C.L. Secor. 1993. Exotic species in the Great Lakes: a history of biotic crises and anthropogenic introductions. Journal of Great Lakes Research 19(1):1-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(93)71197-1.
23864 Journal Article Minshall, W.H. 1940. Frogbit-Hydrocharis morusu-ranae L. at Ottawa. Canadian Field-Naturalist 54:44-45.
37628 Report Monfils, A.K., R.A. Hackett, and B.C. Cahill. 2018. Proceedings of the Aquatic Invasive Plant Species Stakeholders Workshop. Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356840734.
37720 Report Monfils, M.J., B.J. Klatt, R.A. Hackett, Y.M. Lee and P.J. Badra. 2019. A Proposed Framework to Assess the Effects of European Frog-bit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae) on Michigan Wetlands. MNFI Report No 2019-12. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, MI, USA. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346496850_A_Proposed_Framework_to_Assess_the_Effects_of_European_Frog-bit_Hydrocharis_morsus-ranae_on_Michigan_Wetlands.
41401 Journal Article Monks, A.M., Lishawa, S.C Wellons, K.C. Albert, D.A. Mudrzynski, B. Wilcox, and A. Douglas. 2019. European frogbit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae) invasion facilitated by non-native cattails (Typha) in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Journal of Great Lakes Research 45(5):912-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2019.07.005.
45006 Database NatureServe. 2025. iMapInvasives: NatureServe’s online data system supporting strategic invasive species management. NatureServe. http://www.imapinvasives.org. Accessed on 03/18/2025.
42435 Other Cut-and-paste reference not available due to unhandled reference type. Please contact support to request the addition of the 'Other' type.
19331 Database Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters. 2009. OFAH Database All Species - 2009 Download.
16041 Database Parsons, J. 2007. Washington Aquatic Plant Monitoring Database. Washington Department of Ecology, Lacey, WA. http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/eap/lakes/aquaticplants/index.html.
31186 Database Reznicek, AA, E.g., Voss, and B.S. Walters. 2011. Michigan Flora Online. University of Michigan Herbarium, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. http://michiganflora.net/home.aspx. Accessed on 01/01/2018.
40902 Journal Article Robichaud, C.D., and R.C. Rooney. 2021. Effective suppression of established invasive Phragmites australis leads to secondary invasion in a coastal marsh. Invasive Plant Science and Management 14(1):9-19. https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2021.2.
40853 Journal Article Rutherford, R., J.A. Hartsock, and N.P. Danz. 2022. Physical and plant community changes at a Lake Michigan coastal marsh related to a two-meter increase in lake level. Wetlands Ecology and Management 30(3):547-560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-022-09879-z.
45727 Journal Article Sager, L., and C. Clerc. 2006. Factors influencing the distribution of Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. and Rumex hydrolapathum Huds. in a mowed low-lying marshland, Réserve de Cheyres, lac de Neuchâtel, Switzerland. Hydrobiologia 570:223-229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-0184-2.
30401 Database Schaffner, B. 2019. Maine DEP Invasive Aquatic Plant Map. Maine Department of Environmental Protection, Augusta, ME. http://maine.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=126b9dbc59f44f969f74739bc9bc4ade. Created on 09/27/2013. Accessed on 01/10/2019.
43566 Database Schaffner, B. 2024. Maine DEP Invasive Aquatic Plant Map. Maine Department of Environmental Protection. https://maine.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=126b9dbc59f44f969f74739bc9bc4ade. Created on 02/05/2024. Accessed on 11/21/2024.
18818 Journal Article Scribailo, R.W., and U. Posluszny. 1985. Floral development of Hydrocharis morsus-ranae (Hydrocharitaceae). American Journal of Botany 72(10):1578-1589.
28331 Database SEINet Portal Network. 2021. Southwest Environmental Information Network. Symbiota Software Project, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ. http://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/index.php. Accessed on 04/17/2021.
42445 Report The Nature Conservancy Great Lakes AIS Program. 2023. Aquatic plant surveys for Oswego, Rochester, and Buffalo harbors 2021 & 2022. Finger Lakes - Lake Ontario Watershed Protection Alliance, Fulton, NY. http://www.fllowpa.org/.
42433 Journal Article Thomas, J.D., and P.W.G. Daldorph. 1991. Evaluation of bioengineering approaches aimed at controlling pulmonate snails: the effects of light attenuation and mechanical removal of macrophytes. The Journal of Applied Ecology 28(2):532-546. https://doi.org/10.2307/2404566.
36478 News Thorensen, K. 2021. New aquatic invasive species found in Wisconsin for the first time. WXPR. Rhinelander, WI. https://www.wxpr.org/post/new-aquatic-invasive-species-found-wisconsin-first-time#stream/0. Created on 08/23/2021. Accessed on 08/24/2021.
18821 Journal Article Trebitz, A.S., and D.L. Taylor. 2007. Exotic and invasive aquatic plants in Great Lakes coastal wetlands: distribution and relation to watershed land use and plant richness and cover. Journal of Great Lakes Research 33:705-721.
37531 Database Tucker, A. 2019. EDRR plant Survey, raw data. The Nature Conservancy.
37529 Report Tucker, A., G. Annis, L. Chadderton and E. Elgin. 2019. Detroit River at Gibraltar, MI 2018 aquatic plant survey results. The Nature Conservancy, MI, USA.
37527 Report Tucker, A., W.L. Chadderton, G. Annis, E. Elgin. 2019. Interstate aquatic invasive species prevention, early detection, and response: Aquatic plant survey mothods development and site assessment. MI DEQ, MI, USA.
18779 Report U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Predicting future introductions of nonindigenous species to the Great Lakes. Environmental Protection Agency. https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/risk/recordisplay.cfm?deid=190305.
35441 Database U-M Library Digital Collections. 2021. University of Michigan Herbarium Catalog Collection. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/h/herb00ic?page=help#introduction. Accessed on 02/12/2021.
17241 Database United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2008. PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Center. http://plants.usda.gov.
10553 Database University of Georgia. 2021. University of Georgia Herbarium (GA). SEINet Data Portal. swbiodiversity.org. Accessed on 04/17/2021.
28698 Report US Environmental Protection Agency. 2016. National Wetland Condition Assessment: 2011 Technical Report. EPA-843-R-15-006. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-05/documents/nwca_2011_technical_report_final_05102016.pdf.
30809 Journal Article Van Onsem, S., J. Rops, and L. Triest. 2018. Submerged seed, turion and oospore rain: A trap quantifying propagule deposition under aquatic vegetation. Aquatic Botany 145:21-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2017.11.007.
37943 Database Warman, M.J. 2021. 2020 aquatic invasive plant survey in the Lake Erie Basin, Ohio. Cleveland Metroparks, Cleveland, OH. www.clevelandmetroparks.com. Accessed on 02/05/2021.
43346 Report Weibert, C., A. Davidson, L. Chadderton, and A. Tucker. 2024. Invasive Aquatic Plant Control Needs: Research Agenda. The Great Lakes Panel on Aquatic Nuisance Species, Ann Arbor, MI. https://www.glpanel.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Invasive-Aquatic-Plant-Control-Needs-Research-Agenda-FINAL-4.15.24.pdf.
42436 Web Page Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WIDNR). 2012. European frog-bit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae). http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Invasives/fact/EuropeanFrogbit.html. Accessed on 04/17/2013.
30922 Journal Article Zhu, B., C.C. Ottaviani, R. Naddafi, Z. Dai, and D. Du. 2018. Invasive European frogbit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.) in North America: an updated review 2003–16. Journal of Plant Ecology 11(1):17-25. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtx031.


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Citation information: U.S. Geological Survey. [2025]. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. Gainesville, Florida. Accessed [6/15/2025].

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